基本权利第三人效力的法理逻辑与实现路径  

The Legal Logic and Implement Method of the Third-party Effectiveness of Fundamental Rights

作　　者：纪林繁[1] JI Lin-fan

机构地区：[1]青岛大学法学院

出　　处：《北方法学》2021年第5期128-140,共13页Northern Legal Science

摘　　要：随着社会经济的发展,大陆法系传统的公法与私法划分的界限已经日趋模糊,越来越多的民事纠纷中夹杂着非平等和类权力因素。宪法中基本权利的调整范围蔓延至市民生活的领域,影响到私人之间的法律关系,由此产生了基本权利的第三人效力。在宪法实践中,基本权利具有主观请求与客观法秩序的双重属性,由基本权利的客观价值秩序功能引申出的国家保护义务理论构成了基本权利第三人效力的理论基础。基本权利第三人效力理论可以从三个层面引入中国宪法建设的实践中:其一,在普通的民事诉讼中,不便直接援引宪法基本权利条款,但是法院得通过民法中的概括条款或一般法律概念来传导基本权利的要求。其二,在将来具备合宪性审查机制的情况下,在宪法诉讼中,合宪审查机关得直接适用基本权利条款而对民事关系进行调整。其三,在立法中,立法机关通过立法的形式贯彻宪法基本权利的精神,调整失衡的私主体之间的关系,确保民事法律关系的实质平等性。With the development of social economy, the boundary between public law and private law of the traditional legal classification in civil law system has become increasingly blurred, and more and more civil disputes are mixed with non-equal and power-like factors. The effects of the fundamental rights in the Constitution extends into the realm of citizen’s life, and affects the legal relationship between private individuals thus leading to the third-party effectiveness of fundamental rights appear. In constitutional practice, fundamental rights have the dual attributes of subjective request and objective legal order. The theory of national protection obligation derived from the objective value order function of basic rights constitutes the theoretical basis for the effectiveness of the third party of basic rights. The theory of third-party effectiveness of fundamental rights can be introduced into the practice of China’s constitutional construction from three levels: First, in ordinary civil litigation, it is inconvenient to directly invoke fundamental rights clauses in the Constitution, but the court may convey the requirements of fundamental rights via general clauses or general concepts in the Civil Law. Second, in the case of a constitutional review mechanism in the future, in constitutional litigation, the constitutional review authority may directly apply fundamental rights clause to regulate civil relations. Third, in legislation, the legislature may regulate the relationship between unbalanced private parties in accordance with the spirit of the fundamental rights in the Constitution by legislation, and thus may ensure the substantive equality in civil legal relationships.

关 键 词：基本权利 第三人效力 客观价值秩序 保护义务 

分 类 号：DFO[政治法律—法学]