重构与图解权衡论证的三个难题  

Three Problems On the Pro and Con Argument

作　　者：王建芳[1] WANG Jian-fang(Philosophy Department,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 102249,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学哲学系,北京102249

出　　处：《科学技术哲学研究》2021年第5期14-19,共6页Studies in Philosophy of Science and Technology

基　　金：中国政法大学科研创新项目(19ZFG72002);北京市人文社会科学规划项目(18ZXB004);国家社会科学基金项目(20BZX109)。

摘　　要：作为20世纪70年代提出的一种论证类型,权衡论证的性质、结构、图解等问题一直备受学界关注,争辩激烈、讨论深入。围绕正反理由之间“胜过”关系的认识与刻画、正反理由在权衡论证中作用的解读、将权衡论证图解为组合、收敛抑或其他结构的合理性三个难题,探讨学界关于权衡论证重构与图解中的现有解读,可以得出如下结论:(1)在权衡论证中,正反理由既可以组合方式,又可以收敛方式支持或反对结论。(2)反面理由不等于反驳,但从其表达质疑的方式上看,完全可以表现为削弱性反驳而不仅仅是一些学者所主张的否定性反驳。(3)反面理由虽然具有破坏力,但权衡的结果显示,其并未减弱正面理由对结论的支持力,而只可能影响正面理由对听众的说服力。As a type of argument put forward in the 1970s,the pro and con argument has received much attention in the academic field.Despite the intense debate and in-depth discussion on its nature,structure and diagram,no consensus has been reached.Based on the characterization of the pros outweighing the cons,the interpretation of the role of positive-consideration and counter-consideration,the reasonableness of regarding the pro and con argument as linked,convergent or other structures,this paper discusses three key problems in reconstructing or diagramming the pro and con argument,points out that the pros can be linked or converged to support the conclusion,while the cons can be linked or converged to oppose the conclusion.Moreover,the cons are not the same as refutations(or rebuttals),because they can be shown not only as undercutting defeaters but also as rebutting defeaters.Although the cons are negative,it does not weaken the support of the positive reason for the conclusion,but only may affect the persuasion of the positive reason for the audience.

关 键 词：权衡论证 正面理由 反面理由 胜过 削弱性反驳 论证结构 

分 类 号：N02[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]