清初学者王育《说文解字六书论正》六书说初探  

Primary Research on the Theory of Liushu(六书)in Shuowen Jiezi Liushu Lunzheng(《说文解字六书论正》)of Wang Yu(王育)in Early Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张宪荣[1] ZHANG Xianrong

机构地区：[1]山西大学文学院

出　　处：《汉字汉语研究》2021年第3期60-74,127,共16页The Study Of Chinese Characters And Language

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“小学文献学研究”(16CTQ012)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清初学者王育的《说文解字六书论正》一书自问世以来,一直流传不广,故其六书理论亦鲜有研究。整体上看,该书的理论可分为三部分:一是论六书的次第,严格遵从许慎之说,并从八卦造字的角度解释了指事居首位的缘由,而其他五书则是一个相互补充的关系。二是论六书的比例,认为形声、假借之字最多,余四书则比例较少,同时也涉及了六书分类的问题。三是论六书的具体内涵。指事、象形基本遵从许说,但对具体文字的归属时有出入。形声之中,篆文以前文字的声符皆表意,且蕴含了该字的具体含义,楷书之后或有声符仅表声的情况。会意是会合其构件的事类和意义而形成新字的造字法。其读音不一定与其构件相同,这是与形声相区别的标志之一。转注基本主张形转说,假借主张引申说,但在具体阐释上亦有新见。此外,尚有加体、省体、重文等三种变体书。王氏的六书理论内容丰富,整体上体现出它是以意义为核心进行阐释的,而这与王氏所处的学术背景和他的理学背景密切相关。Shuowen Jiezi Liushu Lunzheng by Wang Yu in early Qing dynasty has not been widely circulated since its publication,therefore,his theory of Liushu(the theory of six categories of Chinese Characters)has rarely been studied.On the whole,the theory of the book can be divided into three parts:the first is to discuss the order of Liushu,which strictly follows the idea of Xu Shen(许慎),and explains the reasons why self-explanatory characters are ranked first from the perspective of the wordmaking method of Eight Diagrams while the other five categories of characters are in a complementary relationship.Second,on the proportion of Liushu,he thinks that pictophonetic and phonetic loan takes the most,the remaining four take less;the classification of Liushu is also involved here.The third is on the specific connotation of Liushu.His view of self-explanatory characters and pictograph basically complies with that of Xu Shen,but there are differences on the attribution of specific words.In pictophonetic characters,the phonetic symbols of characters all express meaning before seal characters,and contain the specific meaning of the word.The phonetic complement of the characters may only represent pronunciation after regular script.Associative compound is a method of creating characters which combines the category and meaning of components to create new characters.The pronunciation of associative compound characters does not necessarily be the same as their components,which is one of the marks that distinguishes them from pictophonetics.Mutual explanatory characters basically claims transformation of the theory of characters’form,and phonetic loan claims the theory of extended meaning but there are new ideas in the specific interpretation.In addition,there are three kinds of variant characters forms,such as addition,reduction,and duplication of characters components.Wang’s abundant theory of Liushu is,as a whole,revoles around the meaning,which is closely related to his academic circle and background of neo-confucianism.

关 键 词：王育 说文解字六书论正 六书 

分 类 号：H122[语言文字—汉语] K249[历史地理—历史学]