日本金枪鱼养殖产业现状及对中国的启示  

Status quo of industrialized aquaculture of tuna in Japan and the enlightenment to China

作　　者：张成林[1,2,3] 刘晃 徐皓[1,2] 张宇雷 缪苗[1] ZHANG Chenglin;LIU Huang;XU Hao;ZHANG Yulei;MIAO Miao(Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Shanghai 200092,China;Ocean Fishery Associated Lab,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,Qingdao 266237,Shangdong,China;College of Marine Sciences,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China)

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所,农业农村部渔业装备与工程技术重点实验室,上海200092 [2]青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室深蓝渔业工程装备联合实验室,山东青岛266237 [3]上海海洋大学海洋学院,上海201306

出　　处：《渔业现代化》2021年第5期10-17,共8页Fishery Modernization

基　　金：山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0301、2018SDKJ0303);中国水产科学研究院科技创新团队项目(2020TD78)。

摘　　要：日本金枪鱼养殖产业是现代化养殖模式健康可持续发展的典型代表,起步于20世纪70年代,历经短期蓄养模式、人工育肥野生幼鱼模式和全生命周期人工养殖模式,目前已成为年产值达2.5亿美元的产业。现阶段,日本蓝鳍金枪鱼幼鱼来源仍以捕捞野生幼鱼为主,其以陆海接力工业化生产为特征,野生幼鱼培育至一定规格后转运至海上养殖场利用网箱进行育肥养成。在人工养殖模式下,亲鱼产卵后在陆基循环水养殖车间内将受精卵培育至幼鱼阶段,后转入海上养殖网箱。随着野生幼鱼的减少和养殖环境的变化,日本金枪鱼养殖产业更偏向全生命周期人工养殖模式,养殖场所亦经历着从开放式网箱向封闭式网箱、从近岸朝深远海养殖发展的阶段。中国金枪鱼产业以捕捞为主,养殖技术仍处于摸索阶段,存在着产业尚未形成、现代化养殖技术缺乏及养殖模式、产业技术亟待突破等问题。借鉴日本金枪鱼养殖产业发展中的问题和对策,升级中国金枪鱼养殖业乃至海水鱼养殖业的发展模式,提出稳定捕捞产量,全力推进金枪鱼全人工养殖;加强技术引进与科技投入,促进产业升级转型;建立发展策略,国际国内双循环引导产业模式等建议。Japan’s tuna industry is a typical representative of the healthy and sustainable development of modern industrialized aquaculture models.Beginning in 1970s,tuna production in Japan has become an industry with an annual output value of USD 250 million after going through the short-term stocking model,artificial fattening of juvenile fish model and full life-cycle artificial farming model.At present,the juvenile bluefin tuna is still mainly caught in the wild,and farmed through land-sea relay industrial production systems,in which wild juveniles are bred to a certain size and then transferred to Marine farms for fattening in cages.While in the artificial breeding mode,after spawning,the fertilized eggs are bred to juveniles in landbased freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS),then transported to the sea cage farming.With the decrease of wild fries and the changes of culture environment,tuna culture industry is more inclined to the lifecycle artificial culture mode in Japan,and the culture site is also transforming from open net cages to closed net cages and from inshore to offshore.In China,tuna industry is still dominated by fishing,and industrialized farming is at an exploratory stage,feeling its way in terms of farming technologies.Problems such as low degree of industrial organization,lack of modern farming technology and insufficient market competitiveness are there to be solved.Drawing lessons from the tuna industry development in Japan would help to upgrade the development model of tuna culture industry as well as mariculture industry in China.Several suggestions are put forward as follows:to stabilize the capture output and promote the whole artificial cultivation of tuna;to strengthen the introduction of technology and scientific and technological investment to promote the upgrading and transformation of the industry;and to set up development strategies and guide the industrial upgrading model lead by international and domestic double cycles.

关 键 词：金枪鱼 蓝鳍金枪鱼 金枪鱼养殖 日本渔业 工业化养殖 

分 类 号：S954.1[农业科学—水产养殖] S967[农业科学—水产科学]