“公约主义者”的悲剧:马慕瑞与华盛顿体系的兴衰  

The Tragedy of Conventionalists: MacMurray and the Rise and Fall of The Washington System

作　　者：马建标[1] 刘畅 Ma Jianbiao;Liu Chang

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《近代史研究》2021年第5期96-115,F0003,共21页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：一战爆发之后,美国总统威尔逊提倡的“公开外交”原则与国际公约传统相结合,形成一套新的旨在改造国际旧秩序的“公约主义”,并为继任的美国哈定政府所采纳。威尔逊总统的学生马慕瑞成为“公约主义”的重要实践者。1921年,马慕瑞在国务院远东司司长任上参与设计的“华盛顿方案”,就是“公约主义”落实的产物。华盛顿体系坚持公开外交和国际协调的原则,借此来约束日本在东亚地区的侵略扩张行为。然而,中国的反帝废约运动强烈地冲击了华盛顿体系,迫使美国政府主动放弃国际协调原则。作为“公约主义”的信徒,此时转任驻华公使的马慕瑞与美国国务院发生尖锐冲突。马慕瑞认为,美国国务院率先背叛了“公约主义”,间接促使日本军国主义势力崛起,最终造成东亚和平的消逝。马慕瑞的这段经历堪称美国现代外交的悲剧,其失败的根源在于美国总是企图按照自身的是非善恶标准来评判和改造东亚世界。华盛顿体系的这段兴衰史,本质上就是美国政府把国内法和价值观向东亚地区强行输出的过程,是美国“法律帝国主义”倾向的表现。After the outbreak of World War I,President Woodrow Wilson advocated the principle of"open diplomacy",which later merged with the tradition of international conventions and resulted in a new"Conventionalism"that aimed to replace the"old international order".The Harding Government continued to pursue this policy after its succession to the Wilson Administration.MacMurray,a disciple of President Wilson,became an important practitioner of"Conventionalism".In1921,MacMurray served as the Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs of the State Department.He was one of the architects of the"Washington Plan",which was indeed an implementation of"Conventionalism"in Asia.The resultant Washington System upheld the principles of"open diplomacy"and"concert of powers"in an attempt to restrain Japan’s aggressive expansion in East Asia.However,Chinese anti-imperialist movement,with its determination to abolish unequal treaties,strongly shook the Washington System and forced the U.S.government to abandon the principle of"concert of powers".As a disciple of"Conventionalism",MacMurray,who had become Minister to China at that time,came into sharp conflict with the Department of State.According to MacMurray,it was the Department of State who spearheaded the betrayal of"Conventionalism"and indirectly contributed to the rise of Japanese militarism,which ultimately led to the loss of peace in East Asia.The failure of MacMurray was nothing but a"tragedy"for U.S.modern foreign policy.And the root cause of his failure was that the United States had always tried to evaluate and transform East Asia according to its own criteria.The rise and fall of the Washington System was essentially a process in which the U.S.government forcibly exported its domestic laws and values to East Asia,revealing the"legal imperialism"tendency of the United States.

关 键 词：威尔逊主义 公约主义 马慕瑞 华盛顿体系 美国外交 

分 类 号：D819[政治法律—国际关系]