从门罗主义到威尔逊主义:美国对外干预思想的起源与发展  

From Monroe Doctrine to Wilsonianism: The Origin and Development of American Foreign Intervention Thought

作　　者：付文广 Fu Wenguang

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2021年第3期126-153,157,158,共30页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：干预是美国现代外交的重要工具和组成部分。在美国外交史上,从1823年"门罗主义"提出到1920年伍德罗·威尔逊任期结束的近1个世纪,是美国对外干预的观念基础、行为模式与思想格局孕育和定型的最关键阶段,其以1898年美西战争为界又可区分为19世纪"古典"阶段与20世纪"现代"阶段。美国对外干预思想大致经历了从"早期非意识形态、不干涉主义"到"弱意识形态、干涉主义(罗斯福推论)"再到"强意识形态、干涉主义(威尔逊主义)"的演变轨迹,对外干预实践的特征相应地从"零星、非系统、维护地区霸权"演变为"大规模、系统化、建构世界秩序"。贯穿其中的表层线索是:历届总统基于变化的时代现实不断对"门罗主义""美国"及"使命"概念作出新的解释,从而为美国的对外干预进行辩护;深层脉络则是美国与外部世界关系变迁以及相应意识形态内容的生成和发展。美国对外关系中早期干预思想的缘起和演进不仅预示着现代美国外交精神品格的总体面貌,而且规定着美国与外部世界关系未来展开的基本框架。在中华民族伟大复兴梦想实现进程中和"亚洲世纪"初见端倪的今天,有关早期美国对外干预思想的系统梳理不仅填补了学界研究的一项空白,也为我们更好地思考如何经略周边、建构"亚洲命运共同体"提供了富有教益的历史镜鉴。Intervention is both an important tool and a component of American modern diplomacy. In American diplomatic history,the period from 1823 to 1920 witnessed the most critical stage of the origin and evolution of the ideological basis of the behavioral pattern of American foreign intervention. It can be further divided into two stages,i. e.,the "classical" stage of the 19 th century and the "modern" stage of the 20 th century,with the Spanish-American War in 1898 as the boundary line. The American thought of foreign intervention roughly experienced the evolutionary track from"non-ideology & noninterventionism"to "weak ideology & interventionism (Roosevelt Corollary)",and then to "strong ideology & interventionism (Wilsonianism) ". The characteristic of American foreign intervention in practice has correspondingly evolved from "sporadic, non-systematic,and maintaining regional hegemony" to "large-scale, systematic, and constructing world order ". The superficial clue running through this process is that successive leaders of U. S. governments have constantly made new interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of"American mission"based on the changing reality of times,thus justifying America’s foreign intervention. The deep clue is the change of the relationship between the United States and the outside world as well as the development of the corresponding ideological content. The origin and evolution of the early intervention thought in American foreign relations not only foreshadows the overall appearance of the modern American diplomacy, but also shapes the future development of the relations between the United States and the outside world. At a time when the dream of the great rejuvenation of China is coming true and the Asian Century is beginning to take shape,a systematic review of the early American foreign intervention thoughts not only fills a gap in academic research,but also provides us with a historical mirror for better thinking about how to deal with the periphery and construct an "Asian Co

关 键 词：外交思想史 对外干预 门罗主义 罗斯福推论 威尔逊主义 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学]