“爱莫助之”:词义边缘化导致语义转移的演变规律  

On the Law of Semantic Transfer of Idioms from the Perspective of“Aimo Zhuzhi”(爱莫助之)

作　　者：谢邱荣 唐樱艳 Xie Qiurong;Tang Yingyan(School of Literture,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang Guizhou 550025,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州师范大学文学院,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《河北科技师范学院学报（社会科学版）》2021年第3期80-88,共9页Journal of Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：“爱莫能助”源自《诗经》,初作“爱莫助之”。“爱”义为“隐也”,“莫”义为“没有”。经考察,其语义由“德隐而没有人能助之”变成“惜乎没有人能助之”再变成“爱而不能助”。这是由于“爱”“莫”原义在早期是较为常见的用法,在其语义范畴中处于较为典型的位置。但随着语言发展,词义丧失了典型性,进而被边缘化。而语义的认知优先提取典型(或次典型)义项,所以原义的边缘化不但不便于认知反而导致其他典型义能被优先提取,“隐也”也就被“惜也”“爱也”取代,“莫,没有”被“莫,不”取代,语义也因此转移。词义的边缘化导致成语语义转移具有普遍性,许多成语也有相似的演变规律。“Aimo Nengzhu”(爱莫能助)originates from The Book of Songs and is first written as“Aimo Zhuzhi”(爱莫助之).“Ai”(爱)means‘hidden’,and“Mo”(莫)means‘nobody’.The semantic meaning has changed from“virtue conceals but no one can help”to“regret that no one can help”and then to“love it but can’t help”.Because the original meaning of“Ai”(爱)or“Mo”(莫)is a common usage in the early period,and in a typical position in its semantic category.However,with the development of language,the meaning of words has lost its typicality and become marginalized.The semantic cognition takes the typical(or sub typical)meaning as the priority,therefore,the marginalization of the original meaning is not easy to recognize,but leads to the priority of other typical meanings.As a result,“Yinye”(隐也)is replaced by“Xiye(惜也)”and“Aiye(爱也)”,and“Mo(莫)nobody”is replaced by“Mo(莫)no”.The marginalization of word meaning leads to the universal law of idiom semantic transfer.

关 键 词：《诗经》 成语 爱莫能助 语义转移 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]