爱的原则如何扩展到动物?--儒家视域下的人与动物关系  

How Was Principle of Love Extended to Animals:A Study of Human-Animal Relations from the Perspective of Confucianism

作　　者：杜永宽 Du Yongkuan(School of Marxism,Suzhou University of Science and Technology)

机构地区：[1]苏州科技大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第5期11-20,共10页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重点项目“明治学术与中国近代哲学转型:以王国维为例”(2018SJZDI027);苏州科技大学科研基金项目“儒家动物伦理及当代价值研究”(XKR201711)。

摘　　要：在先秦儒家思想中爱的原则通过两种路径扩展到动物身上:一是治国安邦的需要,在这一路径中人类对动物的关怀与其自身的繁衍生息密切相连;二是个人道德修养的必要,在这一路径中动物被化约为投射人类道德原则的工具。宋儒通过以“仁”释“生生”、“民胞物与”的提出、“赞天地之化育”的诠释、对杀生不仁的驳斥,不仅发展了人与动物关系的内在心性依据,而且把人与动物的关系纳入由道德进路而至的宇宙观中。王阳明对宋儒的理论路径作了进一步的补充和发展。他通过大力倡导“天地万物一体之仁”,将宋儒所强调的人对动物的道德责任感和道德性宇宙观发挥到极致,提出了针对具体实践行为的“爱得是与不是”和针对道德价值相冲突时的“道理合该如此”两条实践原则;但动物的独特价值也随之被完全消泯在道德境界之中,动物本身并不能脱离人的价值世界而具有独立的意义和价值,只有被纳入人的伦理道德之中才具有意义。在儒家所建构的道德世界中,关爱、保护动物成为现实世界的每个个体应具有的道德义务,这一立场为应对生态挑战、建构社会主义生态文明提供了一种可资借鉴的思想资源。The principle of love in pre-Qin Confucianism was extended to animals in two ways.Firstly,it was extended out of the need to administer state affairs well and ensure national security,when the care for animals was closely linked to the multiplication of the humanity.Secondly,the necessity it was extended out of personal moral cultivation,when animals were used as a tool to reflect human moral principles.Confucianists in the Song Dynasty not only developed an intrinsic teleological basis for the relationship between human and animals,but also incorporated it into a cosmology deriving from moral progression.The theoretical path of Song Confucianism was further developed and supplemented by Wang Yangming’s thought.By strongly advocating the benevolence of“All in One”,he brought the moral responsibility of man toward animals and the moral cosmology emphasized by Song Confucianism to the forefront and proposed two principles of practice for idiographic practical behavior and conflicting moral values.Nevertheless,the unique value of animals was completely extinguished in the moral realm.Value of animals existed only when incorporated into human ethics instead of being apart from the world of human values.In the moral world constructed by Confucianism,caring for and protecting animals are moral obligations for each individual in the world,which is ideologically inspiring for people to deal with ecological challenges and construct a socialist ecological civilization.

关 键 词：动物伦理 先秦儒家 宋明儒学 民胞物与 天地万物一体之仁 

分 类 号：B82-058[哲学宗教—伦理学]