中国古代选官制度的历史变迁及其启示  

A Discussion on the Institutional Change from Selecting Officials in Ancient China

作　　者：孙录见[1] 刘文瑞[1] 訾建军 张芸 SUN Lu-jian;LIU Wen-rui;ZI Jian-jun;ZHANG Yun(School of Public Administration,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学公共管理学院,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第6期99-105,共7页Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：为准确理解制度的内在机制,不仅要考察其标志性事件,更应考察其演化过程。本文以中国古代官吏选拔制度的变迁为研究对象,对其历史变迁、趋势性特点进行了梳理归纳。从选官制度的历史变迁可以看出,其具有以下几个趋势性特点:就制度萌生看,制度来自于经验试错,底线优先;就制度形成看,立足于自然过程,人为引导;就制度内容看,以可容忍为限,重在善念;就制度体系看,不求最优,重在配套。其历史经验与教训为:制度建设不是除旧布新,不可能强制割断制度的传承;没有完美的制度,制度只是提供基础性保障;制度是行为的底线,在于提供底线之上的自由发挥空间;制度既要达理还需通情,尽可能谋求成文制度与习惯制度的配合。A institution should not only be examined from the symbolic event,but also from its evolution process in order that the internal mechanism of it can be accurately understood.Taking the changes of the selective institution of officials in ancient China as the research object,this paper summarizes its historical changes and trend characteristics.Based on the above-mentioned point of view,the distinctive trend of these characteristics are as follows:from the originally institutional perspective,the institution acquires experiences from trial and error,putting the bottom line into priority;from the formation perspective,the institution is stemmed from the natural process,and it combines with man-made instruction;from the content perspective,its boundary is tolerance and the concept of“goodness”plays a key role;from the systematical perspective,the supporting institution rather than an optimal one is the final pursuit.Its historical experience and lessons include:the construction of institution does not mean removing the outlandish institution from the existing condition;there is no perfect institution,and it can only provide the basic guarantee.The institution is the bottom line of the human behavior,and it offers an adaptive space beyond this line.The institution should be rational and emotional,so we need to find an effective balance between the formal institution and the custom.

关 键 词：官吏选拔 制度变迁 演化过程 趋势性特点 

分 类 号：C939[经济管理—管理学]