先秦两汉传世文献中“扁鹊”内容考辨  

Textual Research on“Bian Que”in the Extant Literatures of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties

作　　者：张净秋[1] ZHANG Jingqiu(School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100069,China)

机构地区：[1]首都医科大学中医药学院,北京100069

出　　处：《中医药文化》2021年第5期385-399,共15页Chinese Medical Culture

基　　金：四川省社会科学重点研究基地(扩展)——“中国出土医学文献与文物研究中心”立项课题(2020C11);北京市中医管理局北京中医药薪火传承“3+3”工程项目(2020-SZ-D-3);中国中医科学院基本科研业务费自主选题项目(ZZ140525)。

摘　　要：扁鹊是著录于传世文献中的著名医家,自《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》成文之后,对其所作考辨历代频出,然争议至今不绝。不难发现:先秦两汉之时"扁鹊"已广泛进入大众传播视域,成为口谈、笔录的重要对象;传世文献中,扁鹊形象多见于子部书,且相关故事均为寓言;世人多以扁鹊设譬作比,借此阐述个人观点。由《汉书·艺文志·方技略》书名命名方式出发,可证"扁鹊"实为上古神医之名。有关扁鹊之医书则多为伪托之作,鉴于文献的缺乏,其内容、传播不可确考。司马迁《扁鹊列传》当为扁鹊形象集大成之作,然囿于文献本身的复杂面貌、当时文史不分的史学风尚,以及史迁撰史原则、个人趣味、审美取向,《扁鹊列传》呈现出了内在的矛盾与龃龉、书写上的困境与序列上的折衷。Bian Que refers to a legendary physician in Chinese classics,on whose textual research has been conducted and debated often since the writing of Shi Ji"Bian Que Cang Gong Lie Zhuan"(《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》The Records of the Grand Historian"Biographies of Bian Que and Cang Gong").It’s found that the name Bian Que had been well-known in the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties as a key role in oral and written materials,that Bian Que often appeared in fables of the books of"masters and philosophers",and that Bian Que was often taken as metaphorical object to expound opinions.According to the titles in the the chapter"Books of Techniques"of Han Shu"Yi Wen Zhi"(《汉书·艺文志》Book of Han"Treatise on Literature"),it can be concluded that Bian Que is the name of an ancient legendary physician.Most of so-called Bian Que’works are not actually written by Bian Que and due to the lack of literature,their content and dissemination cannot be verified.Bian Que Lie Zhuan(《扁鹊列传》Biography of Bian Que)by SIMA Qian is a collection of the works related to Bian Que.Because of the author’s compiling principles,personal preference and aesthetics,the complicated features of literatures and the practice of combining literature and history at that time,Biography of Bian Que reflects the inconsistency of content,author’s dilemma in writing and compromise on article order.

关 键 词：扁鹊 《史记》 《汉书·艺文志》 传世文献 

分 类 号：R2-09[医药卫生—中医学] K207[历史地理—历史学]