东南亚兰科植物的物种多样性、生活习性及其传粉系统  

Species diversity,habits and pollination system of Orchidaceae in Southeast Asia

作　　者：张哲[1,2] 任明迅[1] 向文倩 宋希强[2] ZHANG Zhe;REN Mingxun;XIANG Wenqian;SONG Xiqiang(Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of South China Sea/College of Ecology and Environment,Hainan University,Haikou 570228,China;Key Laboratory of Biology of Tropical Flower Resources of Hainan Province/College of Forestry,Hainan University,Haikou 570228,China)

机构地区：[1]环南海陆域生物多样性研究中心/海南大学生态与环境学院,海口570228 [2]海南省热带特色花木资源生物学重点实验室/海南大学林学院,海口570228

出　　处：《广西植物》2021年第10期1683-1698,I0001-I0005,共21页Guihaia

基　　金：海南省自然科学基金(321QN188);海南国家公园研究院资助项目(KY-21SK08);国家林业和草原局兰科植物野生资源专项调查项目(2020070708)。

摘　　要：兰科(Orchidaceae)植物广布于除两极和极端沙漠地区外的各种陆地生态系统,包括5个亚科800多属28000多种。东南亚地区兰科植物种数约占世界的1/3,是兰科植物生物多样性热点区域之一。通过查阅文献及书籍等资料,该文系统整理了东南亚兰科植物物种种类及其扩散演化历史,并对其生活习性和传粉系统进行了归类。结果表明:(1)东南亚兰科植物8855种,分属5亚科17族26亚族240属;(2)主要生活型为附生的有127属6000种以上,地生97属2000种以上,腐生13属约100种,藤本4属40余种;(3)根据整理出的东南亚79个属的兰科植物传粉系统发现,有44个属含有自动自交的物种,具报酬物的传粉系统有花粉(仅见于拟兰亚科)、芳香类物质(仅见于香荚兰亚科)和花蜜(5个亚科均有)等报酬物类型。欺骗性传粉系统广泛存在于各个亚科,包括食源性欺骗、性拟态、繁殖地拟态和信息素拟态等类型。东南亚兰科植物在物种、生活习性及传粉系统都展现出极高的多样性,对这些生物学特点的总结将为兰科植物的保育提供一定的理论基础和本底资料。Orchidaceae,widely distributed in various terrestrial ecosystems except for Antarctica,Arctic and extreme desert areas,comprises more than 28000 species in more than 800 genera of 5 subfamilies.As one of the hotspots of orchid biodiversity in the world,Southeast Asia accounted for about 1/3 of all orchid species.In this paper,we reviewed the species diversity,evolution and dispersal history,as well as classified the habits and pollination systems of orchid species in Southeast Asia.The results are as follows:(1)A total of 8855 orchid species,which belongs to 5 subfamilies,17 tribes,26 subtribes and 240 genera in Southeast Asia,were enumerated and evaluated.(2)The main habits of orchids in Southeast Asia include more than 6000 epiphytic species of 127 genera,more than 2000 terrestrial species of 97 genera,about 100 saprophytic species of 13 genera and more than 40 vine species of 4 genera.(3)According to the pollination system of 79 genera of Orchidaceae in Southeast Asia,44 genera contained automatic self-pollination species.Rewarding pollination systems involve the forms of pollen(only found in subfamily Apostasioideae),fragrance oils(only found in subfamily Vanilloideae)and nectar(found in all five subfamilies)as rewards.Additionally,deceptive pollination systems exist widely in all five subfamilies,including food-deceptive system,sexual mimicry,shelter mimicry,oviposition-site mimicry and pheromone mimicry.Orchidaceae in Southeast Asia show a high diversity of species,habits and pollination systems.The summary of orchid biological characteristics provides some theoretical foundations and context information for the conservation.

关 键 词：东南亚 兰科植物 物种多样性 传粉生物学 保育 

分 类 号：Q949.71[生物学—植物学]