生物学哲学为当代科学哲学贡献了什么?  

What does Philosophy of Biology Contribute to the Philosophy of Science?

作　　者：李建会[1,2] Li Jianhui

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学国际中心,珠海519087 [2]北京师范大学哲学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2021年第6期60-67,255,共9页Social Sciences in Guangdong

摘　　要：生物学哲学思想的萌芽可以追踪到古希腊,但作为一门学科分支的生物学哲学产生于20世纪后半叶。伴随着传统科学哲学的危机以及分子生物学革命的发生,生物学哲学成为科学哲学研究中的一个热点。经过半个多世纪的发展,生物学哲学对科学哲学做出了哪些贡献呢?首先,生物学哲学改变了传统科学哲学把物理科学作为科学标准范式的看法,使人们重新思考科学的理论结构和解释方式等问题;其次,功能和目的概念以及功能解释和目的性解释等成为科学中继因果概念和因果解释之后的重要概念和解释方式;第三,在生物学中不仅存在描述性解释,而且存在规范性解释,事实和价值在生物学的一些领域纠缠在一起;第四,信息成为生物学解释生命现象的一个不可或缺的量。生物学哲学还讨论了传统科学哲学不涉及而只在生物学哲学中才讨论的问题,比如适应主义到底正不正确?自然选择的单位是什么?物种是自然类还是自然个体?进化论能不能解释利他主义的进化?进化是偶然的吗?劳动是如何创造出人的?语言、意识如何能从进化中产生?这些都丰富了当代科学哲学的研究,为科学哲学提供新的思想源泉。The germination of philosophy of biology can be traced back to ancient Greece,but as a branch discipline of philosophy of science,philosophy of biology came into being in the second half of the 20th century.With the crisis of traditional philosophy of science and the revolution of molecular biology,philosophy of biology has become a hot area in the research of philosophy of science.After more than half a century development,what contribution has the philosophy of biology made to the philosophy of science?First,the philosophy of biology has changed the traditional philosophy of science’s view of taking physical science as the standard paradigm,making people rethink the theoretical structure and interpretation of science.Second,the concepts of function and purpose,functional explanation and teleological explanation have become important concepts and explanation methods apart from causal concepts and causal explanations.Third,facts and values are entangled in biology,and evaluative terms become legal scientific terms in biological science.Fourth,information has become an indispensable quantity for biology to explain life phenomena.Philosophy of biology also discusses some other problems that are not involved in the traditional philosophy of science,such as:Whether adaptationism is right or wrong thinking?What is the unit of natural selection?Are species natural kinds or individual existence?Can natural selection explain the evolution of altruism?Is evolutionary process contingency or necessary?How does labor create human being?How can language and consciousness emerge from evolution?All these enrich the research of contemporary philosophy of science and provide new thinking resources for philosophy of science.

关 键 词：生物学哲学 生物学的结构 功能 目的 信息 

分 类 号：X2[环境科学与工程—环境科学]