现代汉语中的三种“有…无/没…”四字格——以白话文经典作家老舍中文小说语言语料库为依据  

Three Types of{有(have,with)…无/没(without,no)…}Four-Character Structure in Modern Chinese——Based on Corpus of Chinese Novels by Lao She

作　　者：聂志平[1] NIE Zhiping(School of Humanitie,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua Zhejiang 321004)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《湖北理工学院学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第6期46-53,共8页Journal of Hubei Polytechnic University(Humanities And Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“白话文经典对现代汉民族共同语词汇形成与发展的影响研究”,项目编号:17BYY143。

摘　　要：文章以白话文经典作家老舍250万字较大规模中文小说语料库为语料来源,分析老舍作品语言中的三种四字格“有A无B”“有A没B”与“有A无/没A”。通过穷尽老舍小说语言中所有这三种格式构成的四字语,发现三种格式有共同点也有差异。共同点有3点:1)单位性质相同,即A与B必须同为词或不成词语素;2)A与B词性必须相同,必须同为名词或动词性词或不成词语素;3)A与B语义上具有某种相关性。差异有3点:1)由于A、B之间是对义、反义和相关义的不同而使“有A无B”表示不同的构式义,或{认为不存在的B比存在的A更为重要}表示一种遗憾的否定;或通过“有”与“无”的对立、A与B反义对比,对A予以强调;或者表示前后两项之间是一种或因果或转折的逻辑语义关系。2)“有A没B”与“有A无B”不同,前者表示{势不两立;两者必居其一}。3)“有A无/没A”除了词化的“有意无意”以外,有时后边带“的”,表示{无论有A还是无A(都会如何)},充当条件复句的条件部分(偏句)。Based on a large-scale corpus with 2.5 million words of Chinese novels by Lao She,a writer of vernacular classic,this paper analyzes three kinds of{有(have,with)…无/没(without,no)…}four-character structure in his works,namely{有(have,with)A无(without)B},{有(have,with)A没(no)B},and{有(have,with)A无/没(without/no)A}.The study concludes that there are similarities and differences among these three types of four-character structures.There are three points in common:First,same unit property.A and B must be word or non-word morpheme at the same time.Second,A and B must be same parts of speech,like none,verb,or non-word morpheme.Third,A and B must be semantically related.There are three differences as well:First,the first type{有(have,with)A无(without)B}reveals different constructional meaning depending on the different relationship in meaning between A and B such as comparative,opposite or related.For example,some of them represent denial with regret,like{to regard the nonexistent B as more important than the existent A}.Some of them emphasis A by contrasting“有(with)”and“无(without)”or A and B.Some signify there is semantic relation of causality or adversative both before and after.Secondly,{有(have,with)A没(no)B}is different from{有(have,with)A无(without)B}for former means{irreconcilable;the two alternatives}.Lastly,except one special word,{有(have,with)A无/没(without/no)A}means{with or without A,(there will be something)},serving as clause for conditional sentence.

关 键 词：白话文经典 老舍 四字格 “有A无B” “有A没B” “有A无/没A” 

分 类 号：H146.1[语言文字—汉语]