荀子、法家与集权化统一国家的形成——荀子思想中的法家因素及其政治学实质  

Xunzi,Legalists and the Formation of a Centralized and Unified State:Legalist Factors and Political Essence of Xunzi’s Thought

作　　者：张松[1] Zhang Song

机构地区：[1]山东社会科学院哲学研究所,济南250013

出　　处：《孔子研究》2021年第5期5-19,158,共16页Confucius Studies

摘　　要：荀子所处的历史时期是集权化统一国家的建构近乎完成的年代;而集权化统一国家的逐渐形成以及国家的立法活动,则让国家权力和主权问题日益凸显出来。显然是由于在政治层面上感受到了这一点,荀子对君权及其权威始终抱有一种积极的肯定性态度并特别在意它的维护与巩固问题。一般而言,先秦儒家思想家们并不关心这些东西,即便是试图通过礼制之恢复以重建社会政治秩序的孔子也几乎从来没有考虑过社会管理背后的权力问题。荀子思想由此也就表现出某种明显的法家因素;而法家思想家和政治家们则由于直接参与并推动了集权化统一国家的建构而不得不考虑权力问题。但是另一方面,由于荀子并没有像法家人物那样从政治层面思考权力的政治运作和自我维护问题,而是更愿意从道德层面着眼来看待这些事情,他因而几乎完全否定了在政治层面上本质性地属于权力之存在本身的东西。于是,他的思想中的那些法家因素由此也就成了一个没有实质内容的空壳。还有,他对规定着封建等级秩序的礼制的极端重视,则从根本上决定了他的思想就其整体而言是与法家的法治精神相对立的,因为法家人物积极推动的立法活动所制定的成文实定法的形式化特征本身就要求一种法律层面上的平等。Xunzi lived in a historical period when the construction of a centralized and unified country was almost completed,while the gradual formation of a centralized unified country and the legislative activities of the country made the issues of state power and sovereignty increasingly prominent.Obviously,because he felt these problems in politics,during that time,Xunzi had kept a positive attitude towards the monarchical power and its authority and paid special attention to its maintenance and consolidation.Generally speaking,pre-Qin Confucian thinkers did not care about these things,even Confucius,who attempted to rebuild social and political order through etiquette;hardly ever considered the power behind social management.In this case,Xunzi’s thought of regaining the monarchical power shows some obvious Legalist factors,while Legalist thinkers and politicians have to consider these issues of power because they directly participate in and promote the construction of a centralized and unified country.But on the other hand,Because Xunzi did not think about the power operation and selfpreservation of power in politics as the Legalists did,he was more willing to look at these things from the moral point of view,he almost denied the essence of power in politics.As a result,the Legalist factors in his thought became an empty shell without substance.Moreover,his great importance to the etiquette system,which stipulated the feudal hierarchical order,fundamentally determined that his thought was opposed to the spirit of Legalists,because the formal characteristics of the written laws formulated by the legislative activities actively promoted by the Legalists themselves require a kind of equality at the legal level.

关 键 词：法家 集权化统一国家 政治 权力 法律实证化 

分 类 号：B222.6[哲学宗教—中国哲学]