驾驶员选择性注意过程中的规则图式启动效应  

Regular schematic start training in the process of drivers’selective attention

作　　者：袁璐一 常若松 马锦飞 YUAN Luyi;CHANG Ruosong;MA Jinfei(School of Psychology,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian 116029,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学心理学院,大连116029

出　　处：《心理学报》2021年第12期1310-1320,共11页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目:“L3自动驾驶车辆驾驶员被动疲劳的心理机制及调控研究”(项目编号:20YJC190015)。

摘　　要：本研究将驾驶无意视盲范式与交通违规事件识别任务相结合,通过两个实验分别探究任务性质(有提示、无提示)和规则图式训练(训练、未训练)对驾驶员识别交通信号和违规事件的影响。结果发现,交通规则提示能够提高有经验的驾驶员识别交通信号的正确率(实验1);对于新手驾驶员,则需要结合规则图式训练才能起到相同效果(实验2)。研究表明驾驶员选择性注意过程中存在规则图式启动效应,图式训练能够弥补新手驾驶员经验的不足。Drivers’selective attention causes a significant hazard to traffic safety.Car drivers looking in the direction of other road users do not always perceive the presence of other parties.This is called a“looked-but-failed-to-see”(LBFTS)error.According to the research on attention,task-specific features can make observers form an attention set to guide attention.However,can drivers be prevented from making LBFTS errors by giving them task-specific features?We assumed that task-specific features are only useful for experienced drivers because they have driving schemata.When novice drivers are trained in driving schemata,they can improve their ability to identify traffic information with the help of task-specific features.In this study,we conducted two experiments.The Tobii T120 eye tracker was used to record participants’eye movements.Experiment 1 used a driving inattentional blindness task to investigate task-specific features'working conditions,and the drivers'main task was to watch 10 traffic videos and score them.In Dalian,76 drivers were recruited(mean age=25.25 years,standard deviation(SD)=4.41 years).The study adopted a two-factor between-subjects design of 2(experienced drivers,novice drivers)×2(task-specific features:yes,no).The dependent variables were a critical trial’s detection rate,and a total visit duration of traffic signal.Experienced drivers were required to drive a total of 30000 km or more,while novice drivers had to drive a total of 10,000 km or less.A task-specific feature was observed of whether there were traffic violations.A traffic violation occurred during the critical trial,when the driver was asked whether they had seen a traffic signal after completing the main task.Experiment 2 investigated the effect of driving schema training.The drivers'main task was to watch 30 traffic videos and score them.Sixty-six drivers were recruited(mean age=24.92 years,SD=3.85 years).The study adopted a three-factor mixed experimental design of 2(experienced drivers,novice drivers)×2(starting cond

关 键 词：任务性质 驾驶经验 驾驶图式 交通信息 无意视盲 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学]