寻找实现行政正义的最佳方式——英国行政复议制度的发展与课题  

Looking for the Best Way to Realize Administrative Justice:The Development and Problems of Administrative Reconsideration System in UK

作　　者：高秦伟 GAO Qinwei

机构地区：[1]中山大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2021年第6期121-140,共20页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目“行政复议制度改革研究”(项目批准号:19SFB2016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近年来,英国认识到一概而论的观念并不适宜于行政争议解决机制的有效设计。从横向视角观察,不同的机制之间通过各种标准、方法实现功能互补。例如司法化后的裁判所应与法院有所差异,法院仍然要对裁判所进行最低限度的监督,这是法治原则的必然要求。理论层面的回应是英国对于行政正义理论的关注,强调受到行政决定影响的个人有能力要求这些决定具有责任性,发生不满之时能够获得足够的救济,并通过适当的反馈机制提升行政运作的质量。由此,因应裁判所司法化滋生的不足,英国对于行政过程及行政复议制度愈来愈重视。行政复议制度具有快捷、低廉的特征,发挥着过滤器的作用,亦是一种有效的内部控制机制和学习反馈机制,可使行政机关有机会了解错误并及时补救。然而,其也可能成为公民寻求救济的障碍,缺乏独立性导致行政复议维持率较高。英国对于行政复议制度的充分利用及其改革值得中国关注。In recent years,UK has realized that the concept of generality is not suitable for the effective design of administrative dispute resolution mechanism.From a horizontal perspective,different mechanisms complement each other through various standards and methods.For example,after judicialization,the tribunals should be different from the court,and the court should still supervise them to a minimum,which is the inevitable requirement of the principle of rule of law.The theory of administrative justice,emphasizing that individuals affected by administrative decisions have the ability to require that these decisions have responsibility,can obtain sufficient relief when dissatisfaction occurs,and improve the quality of administrative operation through appropriate feedback mechanism.Therefore,due to the judicialization of the tribunals,UK has paid more and more attention to the administrative process and administrative reconsideration system.The system of administrative reconsideration has the characteristics of quickness and cheapness,which plays the role of filter.It is also an effective internal control mechanism and learning feedback mechanism,which can give the administrative organs the opportunity to understand the mistakes and remedy them in time.However,it may also become an obstacle for citizens to seek relief.The lack of independence leads to a high maintenance rate of administrative reconsideration.The full use of the administrative reconsideration system in UK and its reform deserve China’s attention.

关 键 词：行政复议 行政正义 司法化 裁判所 司法审查 

分 类 号：D915.4[政治法律—诉讼法学]