科学与主权:晚清民国时期西方学者在中国的地质学考察  

Science and sovereignty: Western scholars’ geological surveys in China from late 19th Century to early 20th Century

作　　者：孙承晟[1] SUN Chengsheng(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,,Beijing,100190)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100190

出　　处：《地质论评》2021年第6期1838-1851,共14页Geological Review

摘　　要：晚清随着中国国门洞开,西方学者、传教士、商人、探险家以"科学无国界"的旗号,将中国视为一个巨大的"露天博物馆",纷纷来华进行各种科学考察。其中比较著名的如庞佩利、李希霍芬、塞切尼、奥勃鲁切夫、维理士、安得思以及斯文·赫定等,在中国先后组织了多次系统的考察,在地质学等领域取得了许多影响深远的成果。这些考察不仅丰富了西方地质学家对中国地质的认识,对之后的中国学者也颇多裨益。民国以后,西人的考察活动激起了中国学者的民族主义反弹,不断遭遇中国学者的主权诉求,尤其是斯文·赫定组织的西北考察成为其中的一个标志性事件。在民间团体的努力下,政府对外国人在中国的考察活动逐渐作出了明确的法律限制,中国学者亦自发开展独立的地质学考察和研究。With the opening of China’s gates in the late Qing Dynasty, western scholars, missionaries, businessmen, and explorers, under the banner of "science without borders", regarded China as a huge "open-air museum" and came to China for various scientific explorations. For example, Raphael Pumpelly(1837~1923), Ferdinand von Richthofen(1833~1905), Béla Széchenyi(1837~ 1918) and Lajos Lóczy(1849~1920), Vladimir Obruchev(1863~1956), Bailey Willis(1857~1949), Roy Chapman Andrews(1884~1960) and Sven Hedin(1865~1952) respectively organized many large-scale geological surveys in China, and achieved many important results. These explorations not only enriched western scholars’ understanding of China’s geology, but also inspired geological research of Chinese counterparts. After the Republic of China, explorations of Westerners in China aroused Chinese scholars’ nationalistic backlash, and even encounter their sovereignty demands. In particular, the Sino—Swedish Scientific Expedition to the North-Western Provinces of China organized by Sven Hedin became one of the landmark events. With the efforts of academic community, the government gradually imposed clear legal restrictions on foreigners’ explorations in China, and Chinese scholars also spontaneously began to carry out independent geological investigations.

关 键 词：晚清民国 地质学考察 庞佩利 李希霍芬 斯文·赫定 科学 主权 

分 类 号：P621-09[天文地球—地质矿产勘探]