苏联解体30年:极端民族主义的滋生、演化与后果  

30 Years After the Collapse of the USSR:The Emergence,Evolution and Consequences of Ultra-nationalism

作　　者：程春华 Cheng Chunhua

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院、中国民族理论与民族政策研究院,北京市100081

出　　处：《政治学研究》2021年第5期28-40,M0003,M0004,共15页CASS Journal of Political Science

基　　金：中央民族大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项“民心政治与民心教育视角下铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究”的研究成果。

摘　　要：苏联后期极端民族主义组织喷涌而出、运动风起云涌、冲突此起彼伏,呈现出组织性与协调性、利己性与排他性、工具性与建构性等特征,其来源主要包括极端民族主义传统、思想与政治“休克疗法”、民族治理失误、地方分离力量增强、族裔认同解构国家认同等。苏联解体30年来,极端民族主义继续演化为民族分离主义、泛民族主义运动,造成领土争夺型、族群矛盾型、地缘与民族混合型等民族冲突,其演化呈现出形态差异性、方式交织性、结果分化性等特征,其来源主要包括族裔民族主义发酵、民主化扭曲转型、族裔精英说服与民族动员等。极端民族主义通过扰乱苏联精神支柱、破坏维稳防护网、联合其他力量祸乱等方式,造成苏联解体的悲剧性后果,更在后苏联地区导致领土纷争、生灵涂炭、民不聊生、流离失所、经济衰退、国力衰落等灾难性后果。In the later period of the USSR,as ultra-nationalist organizations spewed out,such movements surged and conflicts cropped up one after another.Ultra-nationalism there takes on the traits of organization and compatibility,egoism and exclusivity,instrumentality and constructiveness.Its sources mainly include traditions of ultra-nationalism,ideological and political“Shock Therapy”,the failure of ethnic governance,the strengthening of the local separatism,the deconstruction of national identity by ethnic identity,etc.In the 30 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union,ultra-nationalism has evolved into ethnic separatism and pan-nationalist movements,causing ethnic conflicts characterized by territorial contention,ethnic contradictions,and mixture of geography and ethnicity.The evolution of ultra-nationalism presents characteristics such as morphological otherness,interweaving in ways,and differentiation in results.Its sources mainly include the fermentation of ethnic nationalism,the distortion of democratization transition,the persuasion and national mobilization by ethnic elites.Ultra-nationalism leads to the tragic disintegration of the USSR by messing up the Soviet Spiritual pillars,destroying the stability protection net,and uniting other forces to cause chaos.In the post-Soviet region,it has also caused disastrous consequences such as territorial disputes,casualties,poor livelihoods,displacement,economic recession,and decline in national power.

关 键 词：极端民族主义 民族分离主义 民族冲突 民族联邦制 国家认同 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]