滑得更快的科学--速度滑冰的运动生物学特征  

The Science of Skating Faster-Sport-Biological Profile of Speed Skating

作　　者：李博[1,2] 刘翠佳[3] 杨威[1] 黎涌明 LI Bo;LIU Cuijia;YANG Wei;LI Yongming(Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350108;Harbin Winter Sports Training Center,Harbin 150036,China;China Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100061,China)

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院,上海200438 [2]福建师范大学,福建福州350108 [3]哈尔滨市冬季运动项目训练中心,黑龙江哈尔滨150036 [4]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《体育科学》2021年第8期34-42,60,共10页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2018YFF0300901)。

摘　　要：随着速度滑冰世界纪录的不断刷新,人类正逐渐逼近滑冰速度的极限,同时也促使人们对速度滑冰科学的进一步探索。从速度滑冰的技术、生理学、比赛和训练的角度对速度滑冰的运动生物学进行综述发现:低坐位的滑冰姿势节约了空气阻力,但由此造成的血流限制增加了生理学负荷;速度滑冰运动员的体型与普通人差异不大,但是速度滑冰运动员的下肢更为发达,体脂率更低;速度滑冰对运动员的有氧和无氧能力均有着较高的要求;近年来对速度滑冰比赛能量供应特征的研究显示,以往的研究可能低估了速度滑冰比赛的有氧供能比例,同时训练领域也发现在过去几十年低强度有氧训练的比例逐渐增加。未来应加强对速度滑冰生物学特征的研究,为速度滑冰制定科学的训练计划提供参考。As the world record of speed skating continues to be refreshed,human are gradually approaching the limits of speed on ice,and at the same time urging people to explore the scientific of speed skating.This reviewsis perspectives of the skating technology,physiology,competition,and training of speed skating.The low-sitting skating techniquecan reduce the air resistance.However,the blood flow restriction caused by low-sitting will increase the physiological load.Interms of morphological,speed skaters are similar with normal people,but they have more developed lower limbs and lower body fat.Speed skating has high requirements for athletes'aerobic and anaerobic capacity.Recently,studies on energy contribution of speed skating competitions have showed that previous studies may underestimate the proportion of aerobic energy contributions.Meanwhile,it is found that the ratio of low-intensity aerobic training has been gradually increased over the past decades.In the future,research on the biological profile of speed skating should be strengthened in order to develop scientific training plan for speed skating as referenced.

关 键 词：速度滑冰 运动学 形态学 能量供应 训练 

分 类 号：G862.1[文化科学—体育训练]