普职分流与阶层间的高等教育入学机会公平——各地区分阶层入学机会指标的再构建及其实证研究  

An Indicator Reconstruction for the Regional Higher Education Opportunity with Different Social Classes and its Empirical Analysis

作　　者：曹妍 唐珊珊 CAO Yan;TANG Shanshan

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学高等教育研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《北京大学教育评论》2021年第4期164-183,189,共21页Peking University Education Review

基　　金：2020年教育部职业技术教育中心研究所课题“技能开发支撑经济高质量发展研究——1+X证书制度倒逼职业教育系统变革”。

摘　　要：本文以教育的阶层再生产为基本视角,以MMI和EMI理论为基础,探究地区普职分流规模及结构对各地高等教育入学机会的阶层公平的影响。依据我国地区非均衡发展与人口流动带来的阶层结构差异和教育获得累积性特征,本文构建了各地高等教育机会获得的阶层公平指标,在此基础上分析各地区普职分流规模和结构对阶层入学机会公平产生的影响。本文发现,对普通本专科和普通本科入学机会而言,地区高中和中职毛入学率的提高均有助于缩小阶层间的入学机会差距,普通高中毛入学率的提高对改善地区阶层入学机会公平的作用更为明显;提高普通高中学额占比或普职比等调整招生结构的方式也能够显著地缩小地区阶层入学机会的差距。而对于“双一流”建设高校和世界一流大学建设高校,地区普职分流的招生规模和结构变化对提高地区阶层公平没有显著影响。Based on Educational Hierarchical Reproduction perspectives and MMI&EMI Hypothesis,this article analyzes the effect of regional academic or vocational Tracking on higher education opportunity equality between classes at the region level.At the same time,this research fully takes the accumulation of educational attainment and the diversified class structure caused by population flow into consideration and then scientifically constructs the class equality index measuring higher education opportunity ratios or differences(colleges and universities/universities/universities in world-class universities and first-class disciplines/universities in world-class universities)in different regions.The research finds that for regions expanding the gross enrollment rate of ordinary senior high school and secondary vocational school can both help improve regional class equality for access to colleges or universities.By contrast,regions increasing the gross enrollment rate of ordinary senior high school performs a much positive effect to improve the equality between classes.Changing the tracking structure by increasing the percentage of enrollment in ordinary senior high schools can help to reduce the differences between the upper-middle class and the ordinary class.However,for the opportunities to access high-quality or top universities such as universities in world-class universities and first-class disciplines or universities in world-class universities,tracking ways of no matter increasing the gross enrollment rate of either ordinary senior high school or vocational high school,or increasing the percentage that ordinary high school enrolled of all enrollment in the high school level could have little effect on improving the equality between classes.

关 键 词：普职分流 高等教育入学机会 阶层公平 阶层差距 

分 类 号：G40-054[文化科学—教育学原理]