从默顿功能主义理论出发再议博物馆的社会功能  

Revisiting Museum Social Functions in the Perspective of Merton s Structural Functionalism Theory

作　　者：刘沙 Liu Sha

机构地区：[1]湖北省博物馆,430077

出　　处：《自然科学博物馆研究》2021年第6期45-50,93,共7页Journal of Natural Science Museum Research

摘　　要：功能主义社会学家罗伯特·金·默顿对早期功能研究中普遍流行的几条假设——即社会功能一体假设、普遍功能主义假设、必要性假设与显功能假设进行了修正,其研究对博物馆功能的讨论有重要启发:每种具体功能的实现都是通过社会系统中结构化的不同组成部分来完成的,必须考虑博物馆对于不同个人、亚群体以及更广泛社会结构的不同功能影响;同样的功能可能以各种方式来实现,而一个社会结构中相互联系的各种因素制约了功能替代事项与实现方式可能的变异范围;对博物馆的功能分析不仅包括“正功能”,也应包括“负功能”;不仅包括“显功能”,也应包括“潜功能”。Robert King Merton,a structural functionalist sociologist,revised several popular hypotheses in early functional studies,namely,the hypothesis of integration of social functions,the hypothesis of universal functionalism,the hypothesis of necessity and the hypothesis of explicit functions.His researches provided important inspiration for the study of museum functions.According to his researches,each specific function is accomplished through different structural components of the social system;and it is necessary to consider the different functional influences of museums on different individuals,different subgroups and the broader social structure.The same function may be realized in various ways,and various factors related to each other in a social structure restrict the possible variation range of function substitution items and realization modes.The functional analysis of museums includes not only“positive function”and“explicit function”,but also“negative function”and“latent function”.

关 键 词：博物馆 默顿 结构功能主义 功能分析 

分 类 号：G260[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]