“可能加害的建筑物使用人”承担补偿责任之探究  

A Study on the Liability of"Potentially Injurious Building Users"

作　　者：邹雄[1] 马苑春 ZOU Xiong;MA Yuanchun(Law School,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou,Fujian 350116,China)

机构地区：[1]福州大学法学院,福建福州350116

出　　处：《河北工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第4期49-56,74,共9页Journal of Hebei University of Technology：Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：民法典第一千二百五十四条规定,高空抛物无法查明实际侵权人时由“可能加害的建筑物使用人”承担补偿责任。高空抛物危及公共安全,是特殊类型的公共利益损害。按照民法利益位阶的基本原则,公共利益优先于个人利益,人身利益优先于财产利益。以可能加害的建筑物使用人之财产利益填补公共利益之损害具有正当性。从解释论角度出发,高空抛物涉及公共利益损害,调查难度大且受专业技术条件限制,因而承担补偿责任的主体范围应当以有关机关查明为准。同时,补偿责任不同于赔偿责任,为避免对“可能加害的建筑物使用人”之财产利益受到超过限度的不利影响,补偿责任的救济对象应当限于人身损害,补偿责任的比例应当符合利益位阶所要求的“实践调和原则”,且与各责任主体造成损害的“可能性”大小相一致。Article 1254 of the Civil Code stipulates that when the actual infringer cannot be identified by high-altitude throwing objects,the"owner of the building that may cause harm"shall be liable for compensation.Throwing objects at height endangers public safety and is a special type of public interest damage.According to the basic principle of civil law interest hierarchy,public interests take precedence over personal interests,and personal interests take precedence over property interests.It is legitimate to use the property interests of the building users that may injure the damage to the public interest.From the perspective of explanatory theory,high-altitude throwing belongs to public interest damage,and the investigation is difficult and subject to professional technical conditions.Therefore,the scope of"possibly harmful building users"should be determined by the relevant authorities.At the same time,the compensation liability is different from the compensation liability.In order to avoid the property interests of the"possibly injuring building users"from being adversely affected beyond the limit,the damage object of the compensation liability should be limited to the property damage,and the proportion of the compensation liability should be in line with the interest level.The required"principle of reconciliation"is consistent with the"probability"of damage caused by each responsible subject.

关 键 词：高空抛物责任 建筑物使用人 公平责任 公共利益 利益位阶 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]