云南农业史研究中的几个重要问题辨析  

Differentiation and Analysis of Several Important Issues in the Research of Yunnan Agricultural History

作　　者：袁国友[1] Yuan Guoyou(Institute of History of Technological Science,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650202,Yunnan,China)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学科学技术史研究所,云南昆明650202

出　　处：《学术探索》2021年第12期102-111,共10页Academic Exploration

摘　　要：稻谷是云南原始农业时期种植的基本作物,云南地区的栽培稻始于距今四千年前。云南地区尽管有丰富的野生稻资源,但从考古发现而言,云南地区不是中国和亚洲栽培稻的重要起源地,长江中下游地区才是中国最早驯化栽培稻谷的地区。云南地区的梯田稻作农业不晚于唐代中期,但滇南红河哈尼梯田稻作是否始于唐代,因缺乏历史证据,尚不能断言。云南地区是中国较早种棉织布的地区,从汉晋时候开始,现今傣族等民族的先民即在滇西南地区种植"桐华木""娑罗树"等棉树来抽丝织布,"桐华木""娑罗树"应即现代植物分类中锦葵科的海岛棉,而不是木棉科的攀枝花。云南地区有丰富的野生茶树资源,云南地区种植栽培型茶树不晚于唐代中期,至明代中后期,滇西南地区的少数民族以发酵方法制作出了压制成团形或饼形的"紧茶"——"普洱茶";清朝康熙年间,普洱茶成为清廷贡茶,由此开始,普洱茶从地方性产品跃升为畅销全国的著名茶产,清代是云南普洱茶产业兴盛发展的重要时期。在新石器时代晚期的剑川海门口文化遗址中,即出土了稻、麦、粟等作物,到唐代中期,史籍明确记载云南地区实行了稻麦轮作,云南也由此成为中国最早实行稻麦轮作复种制的地区。In the primitive agricultural period, rice was one of the basic crops planted in Yunnan, where the cultivation of rice had begun four thousand years before. Although Yunnan has abundant wild rice species, cultivated rice does not originate in Yunnan, but in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, according to archaeological studies. The terraced rice farming in Yunnan should be no later than the mid-Tang Dynasty. However, whether rice farming in the Honghe Hani terraced rice field in southern Yunnan begins in the Tang Dynasty is still uncertain, due to lack of historical evidence.Yunnan is among the earliest areas where cotton planting and weaving were conducted in China. Ever since the Han and Jin Dynasties, the ancestors of the Dai ethnic group have planted the “Tonghuamu” and “Suoluoshu” in southwestern Yunnan to draw silk and weave fabrics. “Tonghuamu” and “Suoluoshu” should be the island cotton of the Malvaceae family in the modern plant classification, not the Panzhihua of the Ceiba family. And Yunnan is rich in wild tea tree resources. The history of tea trees cultivation in Yunnan should be no later than the middle of the Tang Dynasty. By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the ethnic minorities in southwestern Yunnan have used fermentation methods to produce “tight tea” that is pressed into a lump or cake shape, “Pu’er tea”. This tea became a tribute tea of the Qing court during the Kangxi period, when Pu’er tea had risen from a local product to a famous tea product that sells well throughout the country. Thus the Qing Dynasty is an important period when the Pu’er tea industry in Yunnan flourished and developed. Crops of rice, wheat, and millet are unearthed at the Jianchuan Haimenkou cultural site of the late Neolithic period. Clear record of the history of rice-wheat rotation implemented in Yunnan appeared in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, based on which we can conclude that Yunnan areas is one of the earliest areas where rice-wheat cropping was practiced in China.

关 键 词：云南农业 稻作起源 梯田稻作 棉花种植 普洱茶 

分 类 号：K290[历史地理—历史学]