钻爆法隧道开挖作业机械化发展的思考  

Mechanization Development of Drilling and Blasting Operations in Tunneling

作　　者：杨年华 YANG Nianhua(China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司,北京100081

出　　处：《隧道建设（中英文）》2021年第12期2023-2028,共6页Tunnel Construction

基　　金：中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司基金资助项目(2019YJ032)。

摘　　要：从隧道钻爆作业的安全和环境条件出发,推进钻爆工序机械化施工已迫在眉睫。当前国内隧道钻爆作业遇到的共性问题有招聘爆破工困难、凿岩台车难以发挥作用、通过“人海”战术要进度、钻爆超挖严重等。这些问题的解决,只能依靠高效率凿岩台车钻孔,以及地下专用炸药混装车装药。然而,使用凿岩台车钻孔存在工法和管理体制不匹配、价格昂贵,机械化装药存在法规障碍等问题。从技术和管理方面提出解决问题的思路:1)改进隧道掘进工法,对软弱围岩采用“先加固、后大断面开挖”,使之与机械化钻爆作业相匹配;2)继续降低国产凿岩台车故障率,降低整车和耗损配件的售价;3)推进民用爆炸物品管理体制创新,在建立全流程炸药流向流量管控平台的基础上,松绑炸药混装车的购销和行政审批;4)加强隧道钻爆专业队伍人才培养;5)改进隧道建设管理体制,推行国际惯用的设计和施工总承包模式。Mechanization is essential for improving the safety and environmental conditions of tunnel drilling and blasting operations.Currently,China is facing serious problems with regard to tunneling,such as difficulties in recruiting blasting workers,fully utilizing the drilling trolley,construction by more workers,and serious overexcavation.To address these problems,drilling using high-efficiency rock drilling trolley and charging using underground special explosive-mixed loading vehicles are needed.However,the tunneling method and management system are not compatible with the drilling trolley,the drilling trolley is expensive,and the mechanized charging has regulatory obstacles.Following solutions to these problems are proposed from the aspects of technology and management:(1)Tunneling method must be improved with the reinforcement scheme first,followed by large cross-section excavation for weak surrounding rocks to match with the mechanized drilling and blasting operations.(2)The malfunction rate and cost of the home-produced drilling trolley should be continuously reduced.(3)The innovation in the civil explosives management system should be promoted,and the purchase-sale and administrative licensing of mixed-explosive vehicles should be simplified based on the process control platform for explosive purposes and amount.(4)The tunnel drilling and blasting professionals should be motivated.(5)The tunnel construction management system should be further improved,and the international traditional design and construction general contracting mode should be popularized.

关 键 词：隧道 钻爆作业 机械化 凿岩台车 装药车 

分 类 号：U455.6[建筑科学—桥梁与隧道工程]