明清之际儒学之德的公共性与约束性发展——方以智会通道法以卫德的思考理路及其意义  

Public and Restrictive Development of Confucian Morality during the Ming and Qing Dynasties:Analysis on Thinking Theory and Paradigmatic Significance of FANG Yizhi’s Endeavour to Defend Morality via Integration of Tao and Law

作　　者：张昭炜[1] ZHANG Zhao-wei

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第1期43-50,180,共9页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“方以智的哲学精神”(21FZXB021)。

摘　　要：明末清初的大思想家方以智以公共性的道与约束性的法为药,医救儒学德之病。为避免德与法的直接对抗,实现德与法的互通互补,方以智以道为缓冲。他通过五喻——君臣喻、四时喻、仁树喻、筐实喻与天日喻会通道与法。五喻显示了道法关系的复杂性和丰富性:道法互主,道主法,法又能主道;道法互生,生成方式多样;道法并置,既可离断分别,又共为一体。在道法会通的基础上,承接天日喻,如同天与日均以“於穆”为底色,道与法又都以“於穆”之德(生生之德)为基础,由此确立起儒学之德的主体,凸显德的生机。德与道、法具有了双向关系,德可展开为道与法,道的公共性与法的约束性又可捍卫德、反哺德,以补救儒学之德的缺陷。方以智会通道法以卫德,主要是为了应对儒学面临的道德危机。以道、德与法为标准,人的道德水平可分为三类:有道有德的君子;位于道与德之中、法之上的大众,包括处于底部的乡愿;位于法之下的无忌惮乱法小人。明清之际儒学堕落,乡愿亦难求,方以智借助法,惩治无忌惮小人,以法卫道,以法卫德,解决儒学的结构性与制度性伪善问题,致力于庶民共同遵循的公正之道。方以智的思考具有原创性、超前性,对于道德文明建设具有重要意义。Fang Yizhi,a great thinker during the Ming and Qing dynasties,takes advantage of public Tao and restrictive law as medicine to cure the disease related to Confucian morality.Tao acts as an intermediary to avoid direct confrontation between morality and law.Their relationship is like the monarch and his subjects,which shows the complexity and diversity.Tao and law are mutually dominant and generated,and they can not only separate,but also integrate.Morality is like continuous reproduction.Extending the metaphor of sky and sun,just as both sky and sun take“unceasingly substance”as the background,Tao and law are based on the virtue of“unceasingly substance”(continuous reproduction),so as to establish the subject of Confucian morality and highlight the vitality of morality.According to the standard of Tao,morality and law,people’s moral level can be divided into three categories:the first category is those who have high-level Tao and morality.The second is those who come next to the first category,but above the law,including the hypocrite at the bottom.The third is those who are under the law,acting recklessly even violating the law.

关 键 词：方以智 道 德 法 道法相生 生生之德 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学] B248.93