耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响  

Effects of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on Grain Yield,Protein Content in Winter Wheat and Soil Nitrate Residue in Dryland

作　　者：黄明[1] 吴金芝[1] 李友军[1] 付国占[1] 赵凯男 张振旺 杨中帅 侯园泉 HUANG Ming;WU JinZhi;LI YouJun;FU GuoZhan;ZHAO KaiNan;ZHANG ZhenWang;YANG ZhongShuai;HOU YuanQuan(College of Agriculture,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang 471023,Henan)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳471023

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第24期5206-5219,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300404);河南省特色骨干学科建设——旱地绿色智慧农业学科群(17100001);河南科技大学博士科研启动基金(13480082)。

摘　　要：【目的】明确旱地小麦增产提质和环境友好协同的耕作与氮肥组合模式。【方法】2016—2017年(欠水年)和2017—2018年(丰水年),在豫西典型旱地小麦种植区设置夏闲季深松(ST,麦收后2周左右并隔年进行)和翻耕(PT,传统的7月底8月初等雨连年进行)2种耕作方式为主处理和小麦播种前施氮0(N0)、120 kg·hm^(-2)(N120)、180 kg·hm^(-2)(N180)和240 kg·hm^(-2)(N240)4个氮肥用量为副处理的二因素裂区田间定位试验,研究其对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及其产量、植株氮素吸收利用和收获期0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留的影响。【结果】降水年型、耕作方式和氮肥用量及后二者互作对旱地小麦拔节后氮素积累量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮效率和土壤硝态氮残留量均有显著影响。深松与翻耕相比,显著提高了拔节后植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量及N240下的氮收获指数,不同氮肥处理的平均氮肥吸收效率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高8.6%—15.3%、23.9%—86.5%、8.1%—26.1%和9.1%—20.3%,最终在不降低籽粒蛋白质含量的同时,使产量在欠水年和丰水年分别提高11.9%和12.4%,蛋白质产量提高12.4%和13.5%,收获期0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低11.9%和25.4%。相同耕作方式下,随着氮肥用量的增加,植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量、花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒蛋白质含量和收获期土壤硝态氮残留量显著增加,花前氮素对籽粒的贡献率、氮素籽粒生产效率、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力逐渐降低,氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的变化因降水年型和耕作方式而异。从互作效应看,两年中STN240处理的植株氮素积累量最高,其产量和蛋白质产量(除欠水年与ST180处理外)、蛋白质含量(除丰水年与PTN240处理外)均显著高于其他处理,氮肥利用率及其丰水年的氮【Objective】The objective of the present study was to clarify the suitable combined pattern of tillage and nitrogen(N)rate for dryland wheat to achieve the target of high-yield,high-quality and environment-friendly production.【Method】In the dry year 2016-2017 and wet year 2017-2018,a field experiment was carried out in the typical dryland in the western region of Henan province.In the experiment,the two tillage practices,including subsoiling(ST)and ploughing(PT),were set as main treatment,and the four N fertilizer application rates of 0(N0),120(N120),180(N180)and 240 kg·hm^(-2)(N240),respectively were set as secondary treatment.The subsoiling operation in ST was interval one year and conducted about two weeks after the previous wheat harvest,and the ploughing operation in PT was carried out each year around late July to early August after once heavy precipitation.The grain yield,grain protein content and its yield,and plant N absorption and utilization in wheat were tested,as well as the nitrate residue in the 0-200 cm soil layer in dryland.【Result】The plant N accumulation after jointing stage,grain yield,protein yield and N use efficiency in wheat and the nitrate residue in 0-200 cm soil layer at harvest could be significantly regulated by annual precipitation type,tillage practice and N rate,and the interaction of tillage practice and N rate.Compared with PT,ST increased the shoot N accumulation after jointing and the pre-anthesis N translocation under all the four N treatments,and the N harvest index under N240,as well as increasing the N uptake efficiency,N agronomy efficiency,N recovery efficiency and N partial factor productivity by 8.6%-15.3%,23.9%-86.5%,8.1%-26.1%and 9.1%-20.3%averaged across different N treatments,respectively.Therefore,compared with PT,the grain yield under ST was significantly increased by 11.9%and 12.4%,respectively,and the grain protein content was kept no significant change,while the average protein yield was increased by 12.4%and 13.5%,but the average nitrate residue wa

关 键 词：耕作方式 氮肥用量 旱地 小麦 产量 蛋白质 硝态氮残留 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]