全球碳酸盐岩地层-岩性大油气田分布特征及其控制因素  

Distribution characteristics and controlling factors of global giant carbonate stratigraphic-lithologic oil and gas fields

作　　者：熊加贝 何登发[1,2] XIONG Jiabei;HE Dengfa(School of Energy Resources,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China;Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Enrichmant Mechanism,Ministry of Education,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京100083 [2]中国地质大学(北京)海相储层演化与油气富集机理教育部重点实验室,北京100083

出　　处：《岩性油气藏》2022年第1期187-200,共14页Lithologic Reservoirs

基　　金：国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金项目“三大克拉通位置的恢复复原与相互关系及裂解-聚合过程、构造热体制”(编号:U19 B6003-01)资助。

摘　　要：碳酸盐岩地层-岩性大油气田是一种重要的油气田类型,勘探已经证实其在全球范围内有着大量的油气资源及油气产量。通过对全球94个碳酸盐岩地层-岩性大油气田的区域展布、层系分布、圈闭类型、储层埋深及储量规模等参数的分析,探讨了其分布的主控因素。这类油气田主要分布于北美、中东和中亚地区,其中北美含油气域的油气最为富集,主要富集层系为奥陶系、石炭系、古近系和新近系。圈闭类型主要为生物礁类、颗粒滩类、成岩圈闭和不整合与风化壳型;埋深一般小于5 000 m,埋深超过5 000 m的油气田仅占6.4%。本文重点探讨了以下5个关键因素对碳酸盐岩地层-岩性大油气田的形成与分布:(1)稳定局限的浅水环境、中低纬度有利于有机质的生成和保存;(2)构造运动不但会产生大量断裂和裂缝带而增加储层的储集空间,而且会促进油气的运聚(往往与生烃期相匹配),也为古岩溶作用提供有利背景;(3)古岩溶等成岩作用改善了储集性能;(4)蒸发岩起到了良好的封盖油气作用;(5)圈闭定型时间与烃源岩的生、排烃时间需在时空上达到良好的匹配关系。Giant carbonate stratigraphic-lithologic oil and gas field is an important type of oil and gas field in the world.It has been proved to be rich in oil and gas resources and production.Ninety-four carbonate stratigraphiclithologic oil and gas fields were theoretically analyzed,including their geographical distribution,strata distribution,trap types,buried depth and reserve scale of reservoirs,and the main controlling factors of their distribution were discussed.Such oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in the North America,Middle East and Central Asia,among which North America has the most abundant oil and gas,and the oil and gas resources of carbonate reservoirs are mainly accumulated in the Ordovician,Carboniferous,Paleogene and Neogene.The traps can be classified as biological reef,grain beach,diagenetic trap,unconformity and weathering crust.The reservoir burial depth of these oil and gas fields is generally less than 5 000 m,and the oil and gas fields with reservoir burial depth of more than 5 000 m account for only 6.4%.The effects of the following five key factors on the formation and distribution of giant carbonate stratigraphic-lithologic oil and gas fields were discussed:(1)The stable and confined shallow water environment and mid-low latitude are conducive for the generation and preservation of organic matter.(2)Tectonic movement not only increases the reservoir spaces by producing a large number of faults and fracture zones,but also promotes the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon(usually matching with the hydrocarbon generation stage),and provides a favorable background for paleo-karstification.(3)Diagenesis such as paleo-karst improves reservoir performance.(4)Evaporite plays an important role in sealing oil and gas.(5)Trap finalization time and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion time of source rocks need to achieve a good matching relationship in time and space.

关 键 词：碳酸盐岩 地层-岩性圈闭 分布特征 古环境 古岩溶作用 控制因素 

分 类 号：TE121[石油与天然气工程—油气勘探]