《清史稿·忠义传》入传标准探析——兼论《清史稿》所涉清遗民的忠义观  

The Criteria for Choosing Personalities in Zhongyizhuan in QINGSHIGAO:The Ideas of Loyal Adherents of Former Dynasty Recorded in QINGSHIGAO

作　　者：秦翠红 Qin Cuihong

机构地区：[1]南京晓庄学院旅游与社会管理学院,江苏南京211171

出　　处：《史学史研究》2021年第4期26-40,共15页Journal of Historiography

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“清代‘忠义’与《清史稿·忠义传》研究”(项目编号:20FZSB073)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《清史稿·忠义传》是由《清史稿》总纂之一夏孙桐拟定条例,交章钰具体整理的。对照夏孙桐《拟清史忠义传办法说帖》与《清史稿·忠义传》文本可知,章钰在夏孙桐入传原则的基础上有所拓展,所收人物类型包括:武官勇烈较著、地方文官恪尽城守、以死殉主、招抚叛军、回乡助守、当时未死难、鼎革殉节、临危授命、平民奋起抵抗等。此外,对于同一类人物,以对清政府影响较大的战事为主;亡于同一战事之人,则选取有忠义实迹者。上述入传标准,集中反映了《清史稿》所涉清遗民的忠义观:参与编修清史的遗民将修史之事看作报答"故国"的唯一途径,反映在"忠义传"的编纂上便是力求全面而深切地呈现清代臣民的忠义之思;他们秉承宋代以来"事君无贰"的绝对"忠君"观念,并认为"君臣大义"重于"满汉之别",选取人物时便注意官、民皆收,满、汉兼取,且突出汉人看重"群臣大义"的一面;清遗民对"鼎革是否当殉节"持有不同看法,直接导致《清史稿·忠义传》对民国代清后殉亡之人虽有收录,却人数较少。Zhongyizhuan in QINGSHIGAO(《清史稿·忠义传》)was drafted by Xia Suntong,one of the editors of QINGSHIGAO,and Zhang Yu was in charge of the complition.Zhang basically followed and developed Xia’s instructions,and the personalilies elected including the generals and officials who killed enemies or defended cities bravely,the people died or killed themselves for nation,even the civilians who could resist aggression.In addition,for personalilies of the same type,the author mainly recorded those who died in the wars which had a greater impact on the Qing government.For those who died in the same war,the author selected those with outstanding performance.These criteria reflects the ideas of adherents of Qing who participated in the compilation of QINGSHIGAO.They regarded this work as the only way to repay the Qing Dynasty,so they showed the officials and civilians’loyalty to Qing and monarchs from all angles.They believed that“loyalty to the emperors”was more important than“the difference between Manchu and Han”,so they chose officials and civilians,personalilies of Manchu and Han basically in the same criterion.The authors had different views on“whether people should die or kill themselves during the change of dynasties”,which led to the fact that number of figures who died in the 1911 Revolution in this book is very small.

关 键 词：《清史稿·忠义传》 入传标准 清遗民 忠义观 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]