10~14世纪丝绸之路中段古代城市动物利用初探——以新疆达勒特古城2017年出土动物遗存为例  

ANIMAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION IN ANCIENT CITIES ON THE MIDDLE SECTION OF THE SILK ROAD DURING 10TH ~ 14TH CENTURIES AD:EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL REMAINS UNEARTHED FROM THE DALETE ANCIENT CITY IN 2017

作　　者：李悦[1,2] 黄泽贤[1,2] 党志豪 陈婷 程若馨 LI Yue;HUANG Zexian;DANG Zhihao;CHEN Ting;CHENG Ruoxin(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,Shaanxi;The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Technology,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,Shaanxi;Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Ürümqi 830011,Xinjiang)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710127 [2]西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710127 [3]新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830011

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第1期47-58,共12页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:18CKG024);陕西高校青年创新团队项目共同资助。

摘　　要：新疆地区位于欧亚草原东端,是丝绸之路的必经区域与东西方文明交流互动的重要通道。研究新疆地区的古代生业经济能够为认识丝绸之路沿线古代经济文化交流与社会发展提供重要依据。以往从动物考古角度对新疆地区生业经济的研究主要关注史前社会,鲜有对历史时期城市动物资源利用方面的讨论。达勒特古城(44°46′18.6″N,82°20′43.4″E)位于新疆维吾尔自治区博乐市达勒特镇破城子村北缘,是10~14世纪丝绸之路北道上的重要城镇。2017年,新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所对古城进行了发掘,出土了丰富的陶、石、铁、铜、骨等遗物,为研究丝绸之路沿线历史时期城市的生业经济提供了重要材料。文章运用动物考古方法对达勒特古城2017年发掘出土的6834件动物骨骼进行研究。结果显示,这批动物骨骼的可鉴定标本数(NISP)为3696,最小个体数(MNI)为220。家养动物的比例极高,其NISP在早、晚期动物骨骼中的占比分别为98.1%、 97.6%, MNI占比分别为85.0%、 87.2%。家养动物中羊(Ovis aries或Capra hircus)的数量最多,NISP的比重在早、晚期均超过五分之三;其次为马(Equus caballus)、黄牛(Bos taurus),早、晚期占比分别为12.4%、 17.7%和12.7%、 10.8%;骆驼(Camelus sp.)和狗(Canis familiaris)的比例分别为1.3%、 5.2%和8.5%、 1.9%;驴(Equus asinus)和猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)的比例最低。MNI的统计结果与NISP基本一致。达勒特古城不同发掘区域出土早、晚期动物骨骼种属和数量比例的变化在一定程度上反映了城市的发展变化。对骨骼数量、年龄结构、病理现象等的综合分析表明达勒特古城居民对家畜的利用既有肉食资源,同时可能包括羊毛、大型动物的畜力等其他资源,体现出较为多样化的家畜利用特点。畜牧业和种植农业的发展为达勒特古城的人口增长与社会发展奠定了重要的经济基础。该研究为探Located in the eastern part of Eurasia,Xinjiang has been a significant channel on the Silk Road for cultural exchanges between civilizations. Investigating subsistence economies in ancient Xinjiang can provide useful insights into economic,cultural,and social developments along the Silk Road. While previous studies have largely focused on subsistence economies of prehistoric societies in Xinjiang,there is a lack of research on animal resource exploitation in urban settlements after the Han period.The Dalete site( 44° 46’18. 6″N,82° 20’43. 4″E),located north of modern Pochengzi village in Bole,was an important city on the northern route of the Silk Road during 10 th ~ 14 th centuries AD. In 2017,Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted excavations at Dalete and recovered a large number of artifactsof various materials. In this study,we examine 6834 pieces of animal bones unearthed from the four excavation areas of the Daletesite in 2017,using zooarchaeological methods.Results show that the number of identified species( NISP) of the assemblage is 3696 and the minimum number of individuals( MNI) is 220,representing animals from 2 classes,5 orders,and 17 species. In terms of NISP,domestic animals constitute 98. 1% and 97. 6% of animal bones associated with the early and the late occupation phases of Dalete,respectively. The data for MNI are 85. 0% and 87. 2%. For both phases,caprines( Ovis aries or Capra hircus) make up over three fifths of the animal assemblages by NISP. This is followed by horses( Equus caballus) and cattle( Bos taurus),accounting for 12. 4%,17. 7% and 12. 7%,10. 8% for the early and the late occupation phases,respectively. Camels( Camelus sp.) and dogs( Canis familiaris) take up 1. 3%,5. 2% and8. 5%,1. 9%.The proportions of donkeys( Equus asinus) and pigs( Sus scrofa domesticus) are the smallest by NISP( less than 1%). The data for MNI accord with that for NISP.Chronological variations in species representation and the number of animal bones uncovered from the four

关 键 词：丝绸之路 新疆 达勒特古城 10~14世纪 动物考古 

分 类 号：K872[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q915.23[历史地理—历史学]