从DNA角度认识中国黄牛的起源和利用历史  

THE ORIGINS AND UTILIZATION HISTORY OF CHINESE CATTLE AS REVEALED BY DNA ANALYSIS

作　　者：陈宁博[1] 雷初朝[1] CHEN Ningbo;LEI Chuzhao(Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province,College of Animal Science and Technology,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,陕西省动物遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第1期92-100,共9页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(批准号:CARS-37);国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:31872317);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(批准号:2021JQ-137);中国博士后科学基金项目(批准号:2020M683587)共同资助。

摘　　要：中国黄牛的起源及驯化一直是遗传学家和考古学家共同关注的热点问题。中国拥有丰富的牛种资源,仅中国地方黄牛品种就多达55个,境内及周边还分布着能与黄牛杂交的近缘野牛,这导致中国黄牛的遗传背景和形成历史非常复杂。利用DNA可以解析中国黄牛的起源和利用历史,通过Y染色体、线粒体和核基因组遗传标记已经从父系遗传、母系遗传和基因组全面解析了现代中国地方黄牛的群体遗传结构。在现代黄牛群体基因组数据的基础上结合古DNA分析将有助于立体地复原中国黄牛的起源和利用历史。目前关于中国黄牛的古DNA研究主要集中在线粒体DNA,而针对中国古代黄牛的核基因组DNA研究尚少,关于中国黄牛尤其是南方瘤牛的具体的迁移路线,时间以及不同近缘牛种对中国家牛的贡献,都需要通过更多的古DNA数据来进一步解析。本文从遗传学角度结合古DNA技术对中国家牛的起源以及近缘牛种对中国家牛品种形成的影响进行了综述。The origin and domestication of cattle have always been the focus of attention of geneticist and archaeologist.China is rich in bovine species resources,there are 55 native cattle breeds in China. Several wild bovine species including yak and gaur were also distributed in China and adjacent regions,and hybridization of these species occurs frequently. All these events contributed to the complex genetic background and histories of Chinese cattle.DNA can be used to study the origin and utilization history of domestic cattle. The origin and population genetic structure of Chinese cattle can be comprehensively analyzed from paternal,maternal and autosomal inheritances by using Y chromosomal,mitochondrial,and autosomal markers. Ancient DNA analysis based on genomic data of modern cattle will reconstruct the origin and utilization history of Chinese cattle. Recent studies of ancient DNA were based on mt DNA segments,but were not extended to autosomal DNA. More ancient DNA data are needed to further analyze the migration routes and time of Chinese cattle,especially Chinese indicine cattle,as well as the introgression of different wild bovine species into Chinese cattle. This paper reviews the research on the origin,migration and domestication history of cattle in China using DNA techniques,as well as the influence of aurochs and its relative species on the formation of Chinese cattle breeds.

关 键 词：黄牛 DNA 起源 利用历史 基因渗入 

分 类 号：K872[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q951[历史地理—历史学]