青海民和官亭盆地青铜时代遗址木炭遗存指示的生态环境与木材利用  

THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND WOOD UTILIZATION INDICATED BY THE CHARCOAL REMAINS OF THE BRONZE AGE SITE IN MINHE COUNTY GUANTING BASIN,QINGHAI PROVINCE

作　　者：崔红庆 王树芝[2] 张小虎 金和天[4] 焦延静 夏正楷[5] CUI Hongqing;WANG Shuzhi;ZHANG Xiaohu;JIN Hetian;JIAO Yanjing;XIA Zhengkai(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian 116081,Liaoning;Institute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100710;Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan;Beijing Cultural Relics Research Institute,Beijing 100009;College of Urban and Environmental Science,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学历史文化旅游学院,辽宁大连116081 [2]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100710 [3]河南省文物考古研究院,河南郑州450000 [4]北京市文物研究所,北京100009 [5]北京大学城市与环境学院,北京100871

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第1期158-171,共14页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:17BKG031)资助。

摘　　要：古代东西方文化交流以及人地关系是学界关注的热点问题,官亭盆地(35°49′~35°54′N,102°36′~102°56′E)不仅是东西方交流的关键节点地区,还是探究气候变化与生业经济、古文化兴衰关系的重点区域。然而,已经开展的木炭分析工作主要集中于河西走廊、青藏高原东北部、陇东和陇西等地区,官亭盆地的木炭分析工作则为空白。齐家文化时期(2200~1600 BC)至辛店文化时期(1400~700 BC)东西方文化交流的环境背景以及先民为适应环境变化所采取的策略尚不清晰。针对上述问题,文章利用剖面采样法在青海民和官亭盆地的鄂家、辛家、清泉旱台等8个考古遗址中采集了12份齐家文化时期和8份辛店文化时期的木炭样品,对其中大于4 mm的1544块木炭进行了鉴定。木炭样品中包括松属(Pinus L.)、云杉属(Picea Dietr.)、冷杉属(Abies Mill.)、杨属(Populus L.)、柳属(Salix L.)、桦属(Betula L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)等37种木本植物,以及1种疑似竹科(Bambusoideae)的炭化植物遗存。研究表明官亭盆地及其附近地区分布着杏、桃、梨等果树,河岸阔叶落叶林,栎属(Quercas L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)等温带落叶阔叶林、山地杨桦林,松属、鹅耳枥属(Carpinus L.)和桤木属(Alnus Mill.)等组成的温性针阔混交林,云杉属、冷杉属、松属等寒温性针叶林,灌木林;辛店文化时期,灌木类树种所占比重增加明显,增加至39.25%,针叶树种所占比重略有下降,下降至21.30%。利用共存生态因子法进行气候重建的结果表明,齐家文化时期年均温为2.2~12.3℃,年降水量为502~1023 mm,湿润指数为-13.0~101.4;辛店文化时期年均温为2.5~9.1℃,年降水量为502~678 mm,湿润指数为-13.0~61.8。显示了齐家文化时期的气候条件要优于辛店文化时期。研究还表明,官亭盆地先民对林木资源的利用主要集中于薪柴、食用方面。官亭盆地先民通过引入更加耐旱耐寒的麦类作物、�The ancient cultural exchange between the East and the West and the man-land relationship are the hot issues concerned by the academic circle. Guanting Basin( 35°49’~ 35° 54’N,102°36’~ 102°56’E) is not only the key node of the exchange between the East and the West,but also the key area to explore the relationship between climate change and the subsistence economy and the rise and fall of the ancient culture. However,the existing research concerning charcoal analysis is mainly concentrated in Hexi Corridor,the northeast of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Longdong and Longxi regions,while there is almost no charcoal analysis research conducted in Guanting Basin. From Qijia Culture period( 2200 ~ 1600 BC) to Xindian Culture period( 1400 ~ 700 BC),the environmental background of cultural exchange between the East and the West and the strategies adopted by our ancestors to adapt to the environmental changes are still unclear. Based on the above-mentioned problems,12 charcoal samples from Qijia Culture period and 8 charcoal samples from Xindian Culture period were collected by profile sampling method from 8 archaeological sites such as Baojia,Lamafeng,Erfang,Xinjia,Qingquanhantai,Wenjiagou,Ejia and Zhongchuan Farm,and 1544 pieces of charcoal larger than 4 mm were identified. The charcoal samples include 37 species of woody plants such as Pinus L.,Picea Dietr.,Abies Mill.,Populus L.,Salix L.,Betula L.,Ulmus L.,and the remains of a carbonized plant suspected to be Bambusoideae. The results showed that there were fruit trees such as apricot,peach and pear,riparian deciduous broad-leaved forests,temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests such as Quercus L. and Ulmus L.,mountain poplar-birch forests,temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest composed of Pinus L.,Carpinus L. and Alnus Mill. etc.,cold temperate coniferous forest such as Picea Dietr,Abies Mill. and Pinus L. and shrub forest in Guanting Basin and its adjacent areas. During Xindian Culture period,the proportion of shrub increased significantly to 39.

关 键 词：官亭盆地 青铜时代 木炭分析 气候重建 木材利用 

分 类 号：K871.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q914.21[历史地理—历史学]