基于“人-地”二分视角的宅基地资格权探析  

On the Entitlement of Qualification for Acquiring Collectively owned Rural Residential Land in China: An Analysis from the Perspective of “Human-Land” Decoupling

作　　者：郭忠兴[1] 王燕楠 王明生 GUO Zhongxing;WANG Yannan;WANG Mingsheng

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2022年第1期2-15,共14页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(编号:21ZDA058);江苏省土地学会研究项目(编号:JSTD201801)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：明确界定资格权的内涵是深入阐释和科学构建宅基地“三权分置”制度的关键。本文引入“人-地”二分的视角,对宅基地所有权、资格权、使用权的权利关系进行解析,重点阐释了资格权的内涵及其法律定位,探究了资格权的实现路径与演化取向。首先,资格权是一种区分“人”的规定,而所有权、使用权是关于“地”(物)的归属和利用的规定;农户的宅基地资格权属于人身权中亲属法外身份权。其次,宅基地“三权分置”的实质在于通过重组权利束实现赋能扩权。再次,唯有先界定并落实资格权,才能放活宅基地使用权。最后,资格权“实现即灭失”,其实现路径多元。资格权实现路径包括:核批土地,兑现资格权;给予货币,补偿资格权;发行券证,搁置资格权。此外,应通过设立资格权保障基金以保障宅基地资格权的实现,宜改进不动产产权登记工作以奠定宅基地资格权实现的基础。Clearly defining the Entitlement of Qualification(EoQ) is a key to elucidate the reform on Collectively-owned Rural Residential Land(CORRL) in China, known as “separation of rights with three dimensions”. From a dichotomous perspective of“human-land” decoupling, this article analyzes the relationship among the ownership, the EoQ and the right of using the CORRL.The study focuses on explaining the connotation and legal positioning of the EoQ, as well as on exploring the realization paths and forecasting the evolution orientation of the EoQ. The results show that, firstly, the EoQ is a regulation for clarifying people, while the ownership and the right of using the CORRL are designed to regulate the affiliation and utilization of land. Within the civil legal system, the EoQ belongs to personal rights of status beyond family. Secondly, the essence of the “separation of rights with three dimensions” for the CORRL is designed for achieving right expansion through the reorganization of the right bundle. Thirdly, the key to release the right of using the CORRL is to define the EoQ clearly at first instance. Finally, there exist many ways to realize the EoQ, such as approving land, setting up fund for compensation, or issuing transferable securities. In addition, the study puts forward policy recommendations from two aspects of operation guarantee and operation basis, namely, establishing a guarantee fund for the realization of qualification rights to strengthen the operation guarantee of the EoQ, and improving the registration of realestate rights to lay the foundation forthe operation of the EoQ.

关 键 词：宅基地 资格权 身份权 “人-地”二分 

分 类 号：F301.1[经济管理—产业经济]