使于四方:先秦“行人”的媒介属性及传播功能  

Towards the All Aides:The Media-attribute and Communication Function of“Pedestrian”in the Pre-Qin Period

作　　者：潘祥辉 PAN Xiang-hui(School of Journalism and Communication,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Jiangsu,210023,PRC;School of Culture and Communication,Putian University,Putian,Fujian,351100,PRC)

机构地区：[1]南京大学新闻传播学院,江苏南京210023 [2]莆田学院文化与传播学院,福建莆田351100

出　　处：《西北师大学报（社会科学版）》2022年第1期105-117,共13页Journal of Northwest Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“传播学视角下儒家经典的‘经典化’过程研究”(21BXW095);教育部人文社会科学项目“旌表门闾:中国古代的国家奖励与社会教化研究”(20YJA860008)。

摘　　要："行人"既是先秦的外交与礼宾官员,也是使于四方的信使。行人不仅是通命达旨的"喉舌",也是君王"知天下事"的耳目,其媒介属性十分明显。"行人"之义有"行走"和"行礼"双重内涵,其最为重要的媒介角色不仅在于他是"行走的信使",更在于他是礼法的施行者。作为媒介人物,"行人"承担着上情下达、下情上达以及沟通诸侯等传播职能。"受命不受辞"是先秦行人的重要特征。在长期的政治沟通与交往实践中,"行人"也形成了自身的职业与传播伦理,表现为对忠信、礼仪和辞令的追求。"行人"是先秦朝聘活动的重要媒介,随着朝聘制度的演变,"行人"的名与实也发生了重大变化:西周"行人"还是王室的使官,到春秋时已成为使者的泛称,而至战国则变身为纵横家,其媒介角色、沟通职能和传播伦理都与之前迥异。尽管战国以后"行人"就退出了历史舞台,但作为一种古代中国特色的媒介实践和制度遗产,先秦"行人"对后世的职官制度、邦交思想、采诗实践及文章体式等都产生了重要影响。The Pedestrians are not only diplomatic officials of the pre-Qin dynasty,but also messengers to all sides.They are not only the“mouthpiece”of the king,but the important“eyes and ears”of the king to“knowing the world”,whose media attribute is fairly obvious.The meaning of“pedestrian”has dual connotations of“walking”and“performing rites”.And its most important feature is that they are the carriers and implementers of“king’s orders and rites”.As media characters,the pedestrians assume the functions of communication,such as sending messages from the top,reaching people from the bottom and communicating with princes.“Accepting orders and not accepting resignation”is an important feature of pedestrians in the pre-Qin Period.In the long-term political communication practice,the pedestrians have also formed their own professional and communication ethics,which are manifested in the praise of loyalty,etiquette and rhetoric.With the change of the system in the pre-Qin Dynasty,the name and reality of pedestrians have undergone great changes.The pedestrians in the Western Zhou Dynasty are royal envoys,and in the Spring and Autumn Period they are the messengers,while in the Warring States Period,they became a cross-writers.The role of the pedestrians as a medium,the function of communication and the ethics of communication have undergone historical transformation.Although the pedestrians withdrew from the stage of history after the Warring States Period,as a kind of media practice and institutional heritage with Chinese characteristics,the“pedestrians”have a far-reaching influence on the later official system,the thought of diplomatic relations,and the practice of collecting poems and the style of writing.

关 键 词：先秦史 传播史 行人 媒介人物 传播考古学 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]