从文物到文物资源和文物资产——身份转换与制度升维  

From Heritage to Heritage Resource and Heritage Property——Identity Conversion and Institutional Upgrade

作　　者：于冰 YU Bing(Chinese Ac ademy of Cu ltural Heritag e,Beijing 100011,China)

机构地区：[1]中国文化遗产研究院,北京100011

出　　处：《自然与文化遗产研究》2022年第1期57-66,共10页Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage

基　　金：国家社科基金特别委托项目“符合国情文物保护利用之路研究”(17@ZH018)子课题六“路径依赖与路径创新研究”研究成果之一。

摘　　要：文物属性讨论"文物是什么",身份则讨论文物和他物的关系和地位。确立文物资源和文物资产的独立身份,意味着文物从传统专业身份向更为多元开放的社会身份转换,有利于得到国家法律和体制更有效保护,有利于在当代发挥更大贡献。文物资源和文物资产存在动态转化关系。物权性态反映资源和资产之间的转换程度。文物资源基本处于自然状态,文物资产处于民法意义上完整状态。文物资源和文物资产在国家总体资源和资产中存在身份认同危机,源于传统"二阶-单制"文物管理制度,即法律上由宪法与文物保护法组成的"二阶"结构,管理体制上以行政管理体制为主的单一结构。文物资源和文物资产身份需要管理制度向"三阶-双制"升维:法律上增加民法中间位阶,体制上建设与行政管理逻辑不同的文物资产管理体制。从"二阶-单制"向"三阶-双制"的结构性改革,涉及中央和地方政府职能、业务模式、机构重组以及财政制度和土地制度等保障制度的综合改革,亟须纳入国家顶层设计。The concept of heritage attribute discusses"what is heritage",while identity discusses the relationship and status of heritage with other things.The establishment of an independent identity for heritage as(one special category of)resource and property would mean the transformation of heritage from a traditional professional identity to a more diverse and open social identity,which is conducive to more effective protection by national laws and policies,and towards making greater contributions in the contemporary era.There is a dynamic transformational relationship between heritage resources and properties.The attribute of property rights reflects the degree of transformation between resources and properties.Heritage resources are basically in a natural state,while heritage properties are in a complete state in the sense of property regulations.Heritage resources and heritage properties are facing an identity crisis amid the country’s overall resources and properties,which stems from the traditional"second-tier-single-system"heritage management institution,i.e.,the legal system is a"second-tier"structure formed by the Constitution and the Cultural Relics Protection Law,while the management system is a single structure based on the administrative system.Heritage resources and heritage properties identity building needs to upgrade to a"three-tier-dual-system":that is,to increase the middle level of the property law in the legal system,and develop a heritage asset management system that is different from the administrative logic.The structural reform from"two-tier-singlesystem"to"three-tier-dual-system"involves comprehensive reforms of central and local government functions,operation models,institutional reconstruction,and financial and land policies,which must be incorporated into the country’s holistic top-level design.

关 键 词：文物资源 文物资产 国家资源和资产身份 制度改革 

分 类 号：G02[文化科学] C93-05[经济管理—管理学]