山豆根中生物碱类成分的毒性及机制研究进展  

Toxicity and Mechanism of Alkaloids in Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma:A Review

作　　者：余登香 王淑娜 傅月朦 杨丽雅 邓中平[1] YU Deng-xiang;WANG Shu-na;FU Yue-meng;YANG Li-ya;DENG Zhong-ping(Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),Shanghai University of TCM,Shanghai 201203,China)

机构地区：[1]上海中医药大学创新中药研究院,上海201203

出　　处：《中国实验方剂学杂志》2022年第6期262-271,共10页Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae

基　　金：国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项(2015ZX09501004-002-002)。

摘　　要：山豆根是临床上常用的一味中药,具有清热解毒、消肿利咽的功效。近年来,有关服用山豆根出现中毒的临床报道逐渐增加,急性发作多以神经损伤和肝脏损伤为主,治疗及时预后较好,但长期或大剂量服用者会引起不可逆的损伤,因此,山豆根临床使用的安全性应该被重视起来。山豆根中化学成分主要有生物碱类、黄酮类、三萜及三萜皂苷类、多糖类,还有少量蛋白质、有机酸、微量元素等。其中,生物碱类化合物是山豆根发挥药效的重要物质基础,也是引起不良反应的主要物质。山豆根及其生物碱类成分产生的不良反应主要有神经损伤、肝脏损伤、心血管损伤、肾脏损伤、生殖损伤和胃肠道反应,其不良反应物质基础主要是喹诺里西啶类生物碱,包括苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、金雀花碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱、槐胺碱和莱曼碱等。国内外对山豆根不同提取物和生物碱成分的不良反应进行了许多研究,但有关山豆根生物碱类成分的不良反应机制未见全面详细的报道,山豆根作为传统中药材应用广泛,明确其引起不良反应的物质基础和作用机制,如何减轻不良反应以更好地投入临床应用是目前亟待解决的问题。现将有关山豆根生物碱的组成成分、山豆根提取物及生物碱类成分的不良反应及机制进行综述,以期为山豆根的深入研究开发和临床安全有效应用提供依据。Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma(STRER)is a commonly used Chinese medicine in clinical practice,which has the effects of clearing heat,removing the toxin,alleviating edema,and relieving sore throat. In recent years,the clinical reports of STRER-induced poisoning have gradually increased,with neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity as the main characteristics of the acute attack. Timely treatment will lead to the good prognosis,but long-term or high-dose administration will cause irreversible damage. Therefore,the safety of clinical use of STRER should be highlighted. The chemical components in STRER mainly include alkaloids,flavonoids,triterpenoids,triterpenoid saponins,and polysaccharides,as well as small amounts of proteins,organic acids, and trace elements, where alkaloids both serve as the important material basis for the pharmacodynamic action and the main substances causing toxicity. The adverse events induced by STRER and its alkaloids include nerve injury, Hepatic injury, cardiovascular injury, kidney injury and reproductive injury,and gastrointestinal reaction. Quinolizidine alkaloids are the main toxic components,mainly including matrine,oxymatrine, cytisine, sophocarpine, oxysophocarpine, sophoridine, sophoramine, and lehmannine. Many studies have been carried out on the toxicity of different extracts and alkaloids of STRER in China and abroad,but there are no comprehensive and detailed reports on the toxicity mechanism of alkaloids in STRER. As a Chinese medicine,STRER is widely used. It’s an urgent problem to clarify the material basis and mechanism of toxicity caused by STRER and reduce the toxicity for good clinical application. The present study reviewed the components of alkaloids,toxicity,and toxic mechanism of extracts and alkaloids in STRER to provide the basis for further development and clinical safe and effective application of STRER.

关 键 词：山豆根 生物碱 成分 不良反应 机制 

分 类 号：R22[医药卫生—中医基础理论] R242[医药卫生—中医学]