论宅基地“三权”分置的法理基础及权利配置——以乡村矛盾预防与纠纷化解为视角  

On the Legal Basis and Right Allocation of the Separation of "Three Rights" of Homestead——From the Perspective of Rural Contradiction Prevention and Dispute Resolution

作　　者：席志国[1] Xi Zhiguo

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《行政管理改革》2022年第3期69-79,共11页Administration Reform

基　　金：中国政法大学社科项目“农地‘三权’分置在民法典物权编中的体系化构建”(19ZFG82011)。

摘　　要：宅基地“三权”分置从政策层面转化为立法,不但要求理论界提供具体的制度化路径,而且需要回填相应的法理基础。宅基地“三权”分置改革旨在解决宅基地集体所有制在宪法硬性约束下使用权的专属性与实现宅基地资源市场化配置机制之间的根本性矛盾。宅基地“三权分置”的法理基础在于权利的派生性理论,宅基地“三权分置”不但不违反一物一权原则以及自罗马法以降的用益物之上不得再为用益的原则,在功能主义的视角下恰恰是我国现有法律体系必然的逻辑结果。就宅基地三权分置的具体制度构造而言,最合理的选择是利用传统大陆法系地上权制度来构建宅基地三权分置后的第三项权利,从而形成集体土地所有权、宅基地使用权、宅基地地上权三个层次的权利。基于物权法定原则以及宅基地三权分置改革的基本诉求,宅基地地上权之性质宜定性为用益物权,其具体内容、期限、效力、取得方式以及变动方式等均应建立在用益物权性的基础之上。三权分置理论的实现除了构建宅基地地上权这一第三权之外,尚须对作为其派生基础的宅基地使用权进行进一步的完善。The transformation of "three rights" of residential bases from policy level to legislation requires not only the theoretical community to provide concrete institutionalization paths but also backfill the corresponding legal basis. The reform of "three rights" of residential bases aims at solving the fundamental contradiction between the exclusive property of the right to use under the constitutional constraint of collective ownership of residential bases and the market-oriented allocation mechanism of residential resources. The jurisprudential basis of the "three rights" of residential bases lies in the theory of derivation of rights, and the "three rights" of residential bases not only do not violate the principle of "one property, one right" and the principle of "no more use and benefit" since the Roman law, but also are the logical results of the "three rights" of residential bases from the perspective of functionalism. In the functionalist perspective, it is the logical result of our existing legal system. In terms of the specific institutional structure of the separation of the three rights of residential bases, the most reasonable choice is to use the traditional civil law system of land rights to construct the third right after the separation of the three rights of residential bases, thus forming three levels of rights:collective land ownership, residential base use rights and residential base land rights. Based on the principle of legal rights in rem and the basic demands of the reform of the separation of the three rights of residential land,the nature of the land right of residential land should be characterized as usufructuary right, and its specific content, duration, effect, acquisition method and change method should be based on the basis of usufructuary right. In addition to the construction of the third right of residential land rights, the realization of the theory of separation of three rights requires further improvement of the right to use residential land as its derivative basis.

关 键 词：集体土地 宅基地 “三权”分置 地上权 

分 类 号：D63[政治法律—政治学]