《尚书》是三代之治的经纶大法  

The Book of Documents as the Governance Regulation in Ancient Times

作　　者：刘梦溪[1,2] Liu Mengxi

机构地区：[1]中国艺术研究院,北京100124 [2]中央文史研究馆

出　　处：《文史哲》2022年第2期5-17,165,共14页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：《尚书》是虞夏商周上古时期的政治图谱和政治伦理典要,“为政以德”是其全部要义。《易·革·彖辞》“天地革而四时成,汤武革命,顺乎天而应乎人”是其典要范例。《尚书》综论治道的冠极之作《洪范》,是三代之治的经纶大法。《洪范》第一畴“五行”,是警示权力执掌者兴业举事必须顺天地之变数,合五行之顺逆;第二畴“敬用五事”,是提示天道执行人宜乎具备的五种品质,包括貌的恭敬、言的可信,以及视能正观、听能明是非、思能致精微;第三畴“八政”,属于国计民生、司法治安、军事保卫、祭祀和宴宾等王政职能的分工管理部门;第四畴“五纪”,缘于农业的发展,离不开对四时节候的认知和掌握;第五畴“皇极”即大中,“皇建其有极”即立其大中,盖欲建治安之大计大法大纲也;第六畴“三德”实际上是讲三种为政举事的精神理念和实施的方法;第七畴“稽疑”的特别之处在于明确标示,王遇有大事,除卜筮之外,还须征询卿、士、庶人的意见,如果卜从、筮从,卿士从,庶民从,就是“大同”,是为大吉;第八畴“庶征”要求观察王政的庶民验和气候验,即节候所带来的正常或不正常的寒温冷热的反应;第九畴“五福六极”是对整个“洪范九畴”的归结,前面八畴是“五福六极”这个果生成的正反之因。由此可以说,《洪范》九畴是对虞夏商周三代之治的归结和溯因。The Book of Documents is a political mapping and ethical work in ancient times with the main idea of“exercising governance by means of virtue”,and the piece“The Great Plan”therein is the regulation of government in that period.The first division of the piece,the“five elements”,is to warn the acts of those who wield must conform to the heavenly Dao and the people’s will;the second is to define the speech,hearing,saying,and thinking;the third,the“eight objects of government”belongs to the division and management of production and function of the state as well as the people’s livelihood;the fourth results from agriculture and the cognition of seasons and solar terms;the fifth is called the“establishment and use of royal perfection”,which is the outline for political stability of all ages;the sixth is about three kinds of spiritual ideas and implementation methods on government affairs;the seventh clearly points out that you should consult with nobles,officers,and the mass of the people before divination in the case of major issue;the eighth is to observe various verifications of the king’s orders and policies;the ninth,the“five happiness and six extremities”is the final summary,and the former eight divisions are the causes for this result.

关 键 词：《尚书》 三代之治 《洪范》九畴 经纶大法 

分 类 号：K221.04[历史地理—历史学]