4×100m接力接棒运动员起跑方式运动学及动力学特征分析  

Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis of Starting Techniques for 4×100 m Relay Athletes

作　　者：陈锡航 周玉斌[2] CHEN Xihang;ZHOU Yubin(North China Electric Power Uni‐versity,Beijing 102206,China;Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China.)

机构地区：[1]华北电力大学,北京102206 [2]北京体育大学,北京100084

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2022年第2期26-33,共8页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2021MS061)。

摘　　要：短跑4×100 m接力比赛中,接棒运动员主要采用站立式或单臂支撑的蹲踞式(单撑式)起跑,国际田联2018—2019规则将4×100 m接力区改为30 m,接棒运动员的起跑将影响到比赛成绩,为探究这两种起跑方式的运动学及动力学特征,使用1台高速摄影机和2块三维测力台采集14名短跑运动员在使用单撑式起跑和站立式起跑时的运动学及动力学数据并进行分析。结果:1)单撑式起跑相比站立式起跑的运动学差异是起动-蹬离时间及前腿和后腿蹬伸时间较短,预备姿势时的重心较低且靠前、前腿髋关节与膝关节角较小、躯干前倾角较大,重心垂直位移距离较长,重心水平位移距离较短,离地瞬时水平速度及瞬时合速度较慢,瞬时垂直速度较快(P<0.05);2)单撑式起跑相比站立式起跑的动力学差异是总水平冲量、总垂直冲量、后腿水平冲量、后腿垂直冲量、前腿水平冲量、前腿垂直冲量、垂直合力峰值、前腿水平力峰值、前腿垂直力峰值、前腿垂直发力率较低;水平合力峰值、后腿水平力峰值、后腿水平发力率、后腿垂直发力率、前腿水平发力率较高(P<0.05);3)两种起跑方式的前腿冲量、峰值力、蹬伸时间均比后腿大,且前、后腿发力率具有差异性(P<0.05)。结论:1)运动员使用站立式起跑具有离地瞬时水平速度快的优势,这与预备姿势重心偏后、双腿蹬伸力作用时间较长使总水平冲量较大有关;2)运动员使用单撑式起跑具有起动至蹬离时间短的优势,这与预备姿势重心靠前、蹬伸水平合力峰值较高、双腿水平发力率较高有关,但单撑式起跑离地瞬时水平速度较慢;3)无论运动员使用单撑式或站立式起跑,前腿产生水平冲量的能力对离地瞬时水平速度起更大作用。The relay athletes mainly use standing or single-arm supported crouch start(singlearm supported) in the 4×100 m relay race, the international association of athletics federations(IAAF) 2018—2019 rule modifies the 4×100 m relay zone to 30 m, the start of the relay athletes will affect the performance of the game. To explore the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of these two starting techniques, the kinematic and dynamic data of 14 sprinters with singlearm supported and standing start were collected and analyzed with a high speed camera and two3D force-measuring platforms. Results: 1) The kinematic difference between the single-arm supported start and the standing start is as follows: start-off time, front leg and rear leg extension time are shorter, center of gravity is lower and more forward when preparing for posture, the hip and knee joint angle of the front leg is small, large anteversion angle of the torso, the center of gravity has a long vertical displacement distance and the center of gravity has a short horizontal displacement distance, the instantaneous horizontal speed and instantaneous combined speed of the ground are slower, and the instantaneous vertical speed is faster(P<0.05);2) the dynamic difference between single-arm supported and standing is as follows: Total horizontal impulse, total vertical impulse, rear leg horizontal impulse, rear leg vertical impulse, front leg horizontal impulse, front leg vertical impulse, vertical resultant force peak, fore leg horizontal force peak,front leg vertical force peak, front leg vertical rate of force development is lower, horizontal resultant force peak, rear leg horizontal force peak, rear leg horizontal rate of force development,rear leg vertical rate of force development, front leg horizontal rate of force development is higher(P<0.05);3) the front leg’s impulse, peak force and extension time of the two starting techniques are larger than the rear leg, the two legs have different rate of force development(P<0.05). Conclusion: 1) The athlete’s

关 键 词：4×100 m接力 站立式 单臂支撑的蹲踞式 短跑 

分 类 号：G822.7[文化科学—体育训练]