环境微塑料的迁移转化及生态毒理学研究进展  

Research Progress and Prospect on Transportation,Transformation and Ecotoxicology of Microplastics in Environment

作　　者：陈璇[1] 章家恩[1,2,3,4] 危晖 Chen Xuan;Zhang Jiaen;Wei Hui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China;Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture,Guangzhou 510642,China;Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture,Guangzhou 510642,China;Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropic,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Guangzhou 510642,China)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学资源环境学院,广州510642 [2]广东省生态循环农业重点实验室,广州510642 [3]广东省现代生态农业与循环农业工程技术研究中心,广州510642 [4]农业农村部华南热带农业环境重点实验室,广州510642

出　　处：《生态毒理学报》2021年第6期70-86,共17页Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1701236);广东省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(2018LM1100)。

摘　　要：微塑料作为一种持久性污染物,对生态环境和人类健康会产生不良的影响,近年来引起国内外的高度关注。本文对环境微塑料的形态、来源、分布特征、迁移转化、生态毒性以及作用机制进行了系统归纳和评述。环境微塑料主要来源于塑料垃圾、个人洗护品、清洁用品和化妆品等。海洋环境中微塑料的分布已呈全球化趋势,近岸、大洋、深海和极地都有微塑料的存在,深海是微塑料的主要汇集区。土壤环境中微塑料则在空间上呈现分布不均的现象。研究证实微塑料可被生物摄取、积累,并通过食物链传递,对生物体正常的新陈代谢及繁殖造成影响。因此,今后需要不断扩大研究广度和深度,加强微塑料在各环境介质之间、食物链/网中的迁移转化、毒性效应及其对人类健康影响、微塑料中化学添加剂在环境中可释放性和复合污染效应、微塑料对土壤养分迁移转化、循环及植物生长的影响及作用机制研究。同时,要加强微塑料的源头管控技术、替代技术和污染修复技术研究。本文通过对微塑料在环境中迁移转化及生态毒性综述分析和研究展望,旨在为微塑料污染及防控研究提供相关参考。As a persistent pollutant,microplastics have a comprehensive,secretive,and unpredictable impact on the ecological environment and human health,and have been highly concerned at home and abroad in recent years.In this review,the morphology,source,distribution,transportation,transformation,and ecotoxicity of microplastics and related mechanisms are reviewed and discussed.The results show that the microplastics in the environment mainly come from the disposal of plastic waste,and the use of personal care,cleaning products,and cosmetics in human life.The distribution of microplastics in the marine environment has shown a global trend and has been found in the coastal area,oceans,deep-sea and polar regions,and existing studies have shown that the deep sea is the sink for microplastics.While in the soil environment,the distribution of microplastics is spatially uneven.Some studies have shown that microplastics can be transported and accumulated through the food chain from lower trophic levels to higher ones,and disturb the metabolism and propagation of the organisms.Therefore,it is necessary to expand the breadth and depth of the research in the future,and strengthen the research on transportation and transformation of microplastics among environmental media and their toxic effects,the transfer law of microplastics in food chain/web and the related impact on human health,the assessment of the release ability and compound pollution of chemical additives in microplastics in the environment,ecological effects and mechanisms of microplastics on soil nutrient transfer and circulation and plant growth,and the development of source control and environmental remediation technology.This paper aims to improve some references for future research on microplastics by analyzing the transportation,transformation,and ecotoxicology of microplastics.

关 键 词：微塑料 生态毒性 来源 分布 迁移 转化 

分 类 号：X171.5[环境科学与工程—环境科学]