卜辞所见商代寇贼的犯罪与惩罚  

On the Crimes and Punishments of the Bandits in Shang Dynasty in Oracle Bone Inscriptions

作　　者：周博[1] Zhou Bo

机构地区：[1]南昌大学国学研究院,南昌330031

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第2期124-135,共12页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“甲、金、简牍法制史料汇纂通考及数据库建设”(20&ZD180);江西省社会科学基金项目“新干大洋洲青铜器的整理与研究”(20LS03);中国博士后科学基金项目“殷墟甲骨文法制史料辑证”(2020M681247)。

摘　　要：殷墟卜辞中“寇”的用法有三:(一)用作动词,表示劫掠、侵犯之义;(二)用作名词,表示寇贼之义;(三)用作名词,表示人名、地名、族名。我们主要探讨了卜辞中作为名词表示寇贼的“寇”的犯罪、抓捕与惩罚。寇贼曾闯入商人宗庙大肆劫掠,被商王视作灾咎事件,而其罪行当远不止于此。商王对于寇贼的打击是不遗余力的,发动了大规模的抓捕行动,从选派人员到抓捕过程、结果频频占卜,颇为重视。商王对于抓获的寇贼予以严厉的惩罚,主要表现为刑罚,即肉刑与死刑。在肉刑方面,寇贼主要被施以刖刑;在死刑方面,商王采取了与祭祀结合的方式剥夺寇贼的生命权,将之用为人牲。除此之外,在特殊情况下寇贼还被商王用作战争工具,仅见于商人伐■方的战役,但并非主力,似不能高估。The word“kou”(寇)is used in three ways in the oracle bone inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin:(1)A verb that means to loot and aggress;(2)A noun that means bandits;(3)A noun that indicates the name of a person,place,or family.This paper mainly discusses the crime,arrest,and punishment of“kou”when it is used as a noun that means bandits in oracle bone inscriptions.The bandits once broke into the ancestral temple of the Shang Dynasty and plundered it aggressively,which was regarded as a disaster by the king of Shang.Their crimes should be far more than that.The king of Shang launched a large-scale arrest operation to attack the bandits.He paid great attention to divination frequently on important matters,from selecting the right person to catch the bandits,the arrest process to the result of that operation.The king of Shang severely punished the captured bandits,mainly by corporal punishment and the death penalty.In terms of corporal punishment,the bandits'feet were cut off;as for the death penalty,the king of Shang used them as human sacrifices,which combined execution with sacrifice.In addition,under special circumstances,the bandits were also used by the king of Shang as a tool of war.They were only seen in the battles of the Shang against Gong Fang(方),and were not the main force,so that method of use could be neglected.

关 键 词：卜辞 寇贼 犯罪 抓捕 惩罚 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]