农民转型与中国工业化:“工业化转型职业”的特征、成因与后果  

Farmer’s Occupational Transformation and Industrialization in China: Characteristics, Causes and Consequences of “Pre-industrial Occupations”

作　　者：杨一纯 李汪洋 谢宇 Yang Yichun;Li Wangyang;Xie Yu(School of Sociology and Population Studies,Renmin University of China;China Academy of Social Management/School of Sociology,Beijing Normal University;Center for Social Research,Guanghua School of Management,Peking University;Center on Contemporary China,Princeton University)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学社会与人口学院 [2]北京师范大学中国社会管理研究院/社会学院 [3]北京大学光华管理学院社会研究中心 [4]普林斯顿大学当代中国研究中心

出　　处：《劳动经济研究》2021年第5期3-32,共30页Studies in Labor Economics

摘　　要：本文提出"工业化转型职业"的分析概念,以重新考察在中国快速的工业化进程中农民向非农职业流动的特征、成因与后果。工业化转型职业系农民从农业部门向非农部门流动时最容易进入的职业,而职业的技能类型和性别特征是其两个基本维度。一是该类职业对学历和劳动技能要求低,其生产劳动很容易从农业部门延伸过来;二是附带很强的性别属性,性别成为这类职业的准入门槛。本文基于概念的操作化与统计分析发现,在宏观层面上,工业化转型职业成为农民向非农职业流动的"庇护所",其比例伴随工业化的推进而逐渐增加;在微观层面上,这类职业的从业人员的就业处境更为不利,且农民进入这类职业并不能带来主观福祉的有效改善。本文为理解工业化转型期中国的职业变革和社会分层提供了新的解释框架和经验依据。By proposing the concept of "pre-industrial occupations", we re-examine the characteristics, causes and consequences of career transition of Chinese farmers to non-agricultural occupations under China’s rapid industrialization. We define pre-industrial occupations as the most accessible occupations for farmers to transfer from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and the skill types and gender characteristics are its main evaluation criteria. First, pre-industrial occupations are characterized with low average years of education and low vocational skill requirements, so its production methods are similar to the agricultural sector. Second, there is a severe occupational gender segregation across these occupations. Then we use empirical method to operationalize, define, and analyze the concept of pre-industrial occupations. Our findings reveal that, from the macro perspective, these occupations have the function of being an "occupational shelter" for farmers to transfer from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector, and the proportion of these occupations has increased steadily under the process of industrialization. From the micro perspective, the employment situation of employees in pre-industrial occupations is even more disadvantaged and working in pre-industrial occupations does not bring about effective improvement of subjective well-being. Overall, this paper provides a new framework and empirical evidence for understanding occupational transformation and social stratification in China during the period of industrialization.

关 键 词：工业化转型职业 工业化 农民工 性别隔离 

分 类 号：F323.6[经济管理—产业经济] F424