另一种"宣抚":杭州沦陷初期外侨对日交涉与日军因应  

Another Form of Propitiation:Foreigners’Negotiations with Japan and the Response of the Japanese Army in the Early Stage of Japan’s Seizure of Hangzhou

作　　者：周东华[1] 黄梦迪 ZHOU Donghua;HUANG Mengdi

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学浙江省民国史研究中心,311121

出　　处：《历史教学问题》2022年第1期3-13,181,共12页History Research And Teaching

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国麻风病隔离防疫史料整理与研究(1368-1978)”(20&ZD223)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：全面抗战爆发后,有不少欧美外侨留在旅居城市,成为抗日战争的亲历者.杭州沦陷之初,在杭城的部分外侨也遭遇了日军暴行,其财产被抢劫,人身遭受伤害.面对这些暴行,杭州外侨以美侨为首,试图通过外交途径,予以抗议,并谋求解决.日方派遣调查团来杭进行一场"形式主义"调查,以"误会"搪塞了事.随着"维持会"等傀儡组织的成立,杭城秩序开始恢复,但日军仍然肆无忌惮地对城中中外难民实施暴行.外侨们筹建红十字会杭州分会等开展自救和救济,凭借条约特权,利用宗教信仰,向日军谋求正常活动的权利,在争取日军中基督徒的同情、获取外出通行证、交涉伤兵难民救济等方面,取得一定成效.对于这些"成效",不应评价过高.日军的"形式主义"调查和对外侨的宽容与许可,本质是日军统治沦陷区的隐蔽"宣抚"手段.杭州沦陷初期外侨对日交涉与日军的因应,折射出沦陷史书写应当剖析"大写"或"小写"的民族国家叙事问题.With the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese war,many European and American people stayed in China and witnessed the war.After the fall of Hangzhou,some foreigners in Hangzhou encountered violence by the Japanese army,suffering property robbery and personal injury.In the face of such violence,foreigners in Hangzhou,led by the Americans,tried to protest through diplomatic channels and seek for solutions.Japan dispatched a team to Hangzhou to conduct a half-hearted investigation after which it declared the violence merely“misunderstanding”.With the establishment of puppet institutions such as the Maintenance Association,social order in Hangzhou began to be restored,but the Japanese army still unscrupulously committed violence against domestic and foreign refugees in the city.Foreigners prepared to establish the Hangzhou Branch of the Red Cross Society to carry out self-rescue and relief.They used their national privileges and religious connections to ask for better treatment,such as seeking sympathy from Japanese Christians in the army,obtaining permits for going out,negotiating for the relief of wounded soldiers and refugees,etc.Their efforts achieved certain results,but these results should not be overestimated.Japan’s superficial investigation and its tolerance of foreigners were merely another form of propitiation used by the Japanese army to rule the occupied areas.

关 键 词：杭州沦陷初期 外侨 日本占领军 交涉 "宣抚"手段 

分 类 号：D231[政治法律—政治学]