表观代际遗传与精子中非编码小RNA  

Epigenetic intergenerational inheritance patterns and spermatozoal small noncoding RNAs

作　　者：殷鑫 王延博 艾仔海尔•艾尼瓦尔 陈熹[1] YIN Xin;WANG YanBo;AZHAR Anwar;CHEN Xi(NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences,School of Life Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学生命科学高等研究院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京210023

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2022年第3期312-321,共10页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

摘　　要：近年研究表明,父亲肥胖、糖尿病和精神压力等后天环境暴露,不仅损害自身健康,也可能对其子代健康产生影响,此类特殊的遗传现象并不涉及DNA序列的改变,因此科学家使用表观代际遗传现象来解释这种非经典遗传学现象.已发现的代际遗传机制包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和精子小RNA调控等,其中父亲后天环境暴露导致精子小RNA表达谱改变,潜在调控早期胚胎发育,从而介导异常表型代际遗传的过程是目前研究的重点方向.但仍然存在诸多科学问题亟待解决,包括环境暴露如何影响精子小RNA表达谱,即小RNA的来源;精子小RNA传递到卵母细胞通过何种机制影响胚胎早期发育,从而传递父本环境暴露的信息给子代;受精卵中只携带了一个精子的小RNA信息,如此低量的小RNA是如何发挥足以决定子代某方面表型的强大生物学功能的.本综述将系统阐述父亲精子小RNA在代际遗传方向的既有发现及其作为代际遗传现象的分子信息载体的研究价值,为代谢类疾病和精神类疾病的代际遗传现象未来的发展方向提供参考.Studies have shown that paternal obesity and mental stress does not only impair them but also affect the health of their offspring. This special genetic phenomenon is independent of changes in DNA sequences. Therefore, potential mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and sperm small noncoding RNA(sncRNA) regulation, have been observed. Among these mechanisms, paternal postnatal environmental exposures lead to changes in sperm sncRNA profiles, which potentially regulate early embryonic abnormalities and mediate intergenerational inheritance. This finding is the focus of researchers presently. However, there are some obstacles. First, questions arise on how environmental exposures affect sperm sncRNAs profiles, i.e., the source of sncRNAs;second, the mechanism of how the sperm sncRNAs are transferred to oocytes and influence early embryonic development remain poorly understood;and lastly, how such low concentration of sncRNAs in a single sperm biologically influences the determination of phenotypes of an offspring is yet to be validated. Therefore, this review will systematically demonstrate the research value of sncRNAs in sperm during intergenerational inheritance processes to provide a reference for studies on the paternal intergenerational inheritance of metabolic diseases and mental illnesses.

关 键 词：代际遗传 精子 小RNA 细胞外囊泡 

分 类 号：R394[医药卫生—医学遗传学]