论部分无效的合同条款的变更及其限制——以美国“蓝铅笔规则”为线索  

The Modification of Partially Unenforceable Terms in Contracts and Its Restriction——From the Perspective of the Development of the Blue Pencil Rule in American Law

作　　者：包丁裕睿 Bao Dingyurui

机构地区：[1]密歇根大学法学院,美国密歇根州安娜堡48109

出　　处：《新疆社会科学》2022年第2期107-118,165,166,共14页Social Sciences in Xinjiang

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“民法典多人债之关系及其诉讼构造研究”(21AFX017)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：合同中某一条款超出合法范围导致的部分无效,本质上是法院对该条款进行“变更”以实现“部分无效”的效果。此类变更有助于维持合同效力、保障意思自治的实现,但也会引发条款拟定方的道德风险和额外社会成本。在美国法上,以合同可分性为前提的“蓝铅笔规则”是部分无效的条款变更规则的重要理论。考虑到此类变更的弊端,美国法在各州判例和法律重述中以当事人的“善意”及条款的“合理性”对变更权进行限制,以促成利益平衡和公共政策的实现。我国《民法典》第156条允许法院对部分无效的条款进行变更,但还应在解释论上对此种变更的法律基础、适用方式和限制予以明确。The partial invalidation of a clause in a contract that exceeds the legal scope is essentially a"modification"of the clause by the court to achieve the effect of"partial invalidation".Such changes can help maintain the validity of the contract and ensure the realization of autonomy,but they can also lead to moral hazards and additional social costs for the parties that drafted the clause.InU.S.law,the"blue pencil rule",which is based on the premise of contract severability,is an important theory of the rule of partial invalidation.Considering the disadvantages of such changes,the U.S.lawhaslimitedtheright of change in state cases and the Restatement of Law by the"good faith"of the parties and the"reasonableness"of the terms,in order to promote the balance of interests and the realization of public policy.Article 156 of the Civil Code allows the court to modify a partially invalid clause,but the legal basis,application and limitations of such modification should be clarified in the interpretation theory.

关 键 词：法律行为 合同 部分无效 变更权 蓝铅笔规则 民法典总则编 

分 类 号：D913.6[政治法律—民商法学]