清代微服私访与官员司法形象的多重建构  

“Wei-Fu-Si-Fang”and the Multiple Construction of Officials’Judicial Image in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：顾元[1] 孙永亮 Gu Yuan;Sun Yongliang

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法律史学研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《史学月刊》2022年第3期32-46,共15页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“传统中国无主物法律制度及其现代意义研究”(21BFX037)。

摘　　要：“微服私访”是指换穿便服、隐瞒身份对疑案民情进行实地访查。作为一种以官为主体的司法手段,微服私访通过奉旨、官遣、亲访、遣员或托民的方式启动,在清代民刑疑案、州县治安以及监督监察中起到了侦查取证、缉捕罪犯与司法威慑的作用,但地方一人政府下的权力集中化与证据辨伪困难等因素限制了其适用空间。民众钟情于清官私访的“集体无意识”,促成文学作品对微服私访司法效用的夸大。官方文本则借助于权力的“话语资源”影响民间创作,共同塑造私访者“清正”“勤慎”之形象,力图巩固司法体制的正当性。与之相异,讽刺与谴责文学有意淡化微服私访的司法功效,转而突显其工具性质,以揭露司法腐败的社会现实,一定程度上解构了清官私访的司法意象。“Wei-Fu-Si-Fang”means“wearing plain clothes,concealing one’s identity and conducting on-the-spot investigation on the doubtful case”.As a kind of officials’judicial means,it started with emperor’s orders,superior officials’dispatch,visiting in person,sending assistants or entrusting the masses.It played a role of collecting evidence,arresting criminals and judicial deterrence in cases,public security and supervision in the Qing dynasty.Centralization of public power in one person limited the applicable space of officials’“Wei-Fu-Si-Fang”.In addition,the underdeveloped criminal investigation technology made it difficult to distinguish false evidence.The“collective unconsciousness”of the people in the Qing dynasty was in favor of the incorruptible official’s visiting in person,which contributed to the exaggeration of the judicial effect in the literary works.With the help of the“discourse resources”of power,the official texts influenced the creation of folk literature,trying to create the“fair,diligent and cautious”image of the visiter incognito in the public.In contrast,satire and condemnation literature intended to weaken the judicial effect of“Wei-Fu-Si-Fang”and highlight its instrumental nature with the purpose of revealing the social reality of judicial corruption.

关 键 词：清代司法 微服私访 文本形象 清官 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]