有差异的跨越--美国大学中两类跨学科组织运行的个案比较  

Interdisciplinary Difference:A Comparative Case Study on the Operation of Two Interdisciplinary Organizations in American Universities

作　　者：申超 杨沐琳 SHEN Chao;YANG Mu-lin

机构地区：[1]天津大学教育学院/教育科学研究中心,天津300354

出　　处：《大学教育科学》2022年第2期101-109,共9页University Education Science

摘　　要：主要以自然科学或社会科学群为学科基底组建跨学科组织,是一段时间以来世界一流研究型大学跨学科组织组建的常见方式。探究上述两类以不同学科基底组建的跨学科组织运行的异同对于深刻把握两类组织的基本特性,进而推动大学的组织变革具有重要的理论和现实意义。通过对美国大学中上述两类跨学科组织的典型案例比较发现,其组织运行的差异主要表现为:在研究项目的来源上,主要依据多变的市场需求还是长期延续的社会问题;在研究团队的构建上,主要是"即时组建+原院系聘任"还是"长期存在+多院系联合聘任";在人才培养上,主要采用"非学位项目"还是"学位项目"的形式;在研究成果转化上,主要是出售研究产品还是提供决策咨询与数据共享。这些差异在总体上似乎意味着前者相对更趋自由灵活,后者则更趋独立稳定。这种有差异的学科跨越根本上是因不同类型的学科文化间存在固有张力而致。建议我国大学分类优化跨学科组织运作的顶层设计,探索和培植具有包容性的跨学科组织文化,引导跨学科组织从"自然科学或社会科学的内部跨越"向"超越自然、人文与社会科学藩篱的整体跨越"转变。It has become common norm for world-class research universities to form interdisciplinary organizations based on natural science or social science groups.Exploring the similarities and differences of their organizational operations has important theoretical and practical significance for deeply grasping the basic characteristics of the two types of organizations,and then promoting the organizational reform of universities.By comparing the two typical case of interdisciplinary organizations in American universities,it is found that the differences in their organizational operation are mainly as follows:the sources of their research projects are mainly based on changing market demand or long-term social problems;the construction of their research team is mainly temporary establishment and original faculty appointment or long-term and multi-faculty joint appointment;their talent cultivation is mainly in the form of non-degree program or degree program;their forms of research product transformation are through selling research products to the market or providing decision-making consultation and data sharing.Overall,these differences seem to imply that the former is relatively more open and flexible,while the latter is more independent and stable.This difference is fundamentally due to the inherent tension between different types of disciplinary cultures.It is suggested that the universities in China should optimize the top-level design of the operation of interdisciplinary organizations,explore and cultivate an inclusive interdisciplinary organizational culture,and promote the interdisciplinary organizations to transform from internal spanning of natural science or social science to spanning beyond the barriers of nature,humanities and social science.

关 键 词：跨学科组织 自然科学 社会科学 斯坦福大学生物学跨学科中心 密西根大学社会研究所 

分 类 号：G649.1[文化科学—高等教育学]