Rectal neuroendocrine tumors:Current advances in management,treatment,and surveillance  

作　　者：Camilla Gallo Roberta Elisa Rossi Federica Cavalcoli Federico Barbaro Ivo Boškoski Pietro Invernizzi Sara Massironi 

机构地区：[1]Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases,Department of Medicine and Surgery,University of Milano-Bicocca,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases,San Gerardo Hospital,Monza 20900,Italy [2]Division of HPB Surgery,Hepatology and Liver Transplantation,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation,University of Milan,ENETS Center of Excellence,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori(INT,National Cancer Institute),Milan 20133,Italy [3]Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy Unit,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori,Milan 20133,Italy [4]Digestive Endoscopy Unit,UniversitàCattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma,Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS,Rome 00168,Italy

出　　处：《World Journal of Gastroenterology》2022年第11期1123-1138,共16页世界胃肠病学杂志（英文版）

摘　　要：Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(r-NENs)are considered among the most frequent digestive NENs,together with small bowel NENs.Their incidence has increased over the past few years,and this is probably due to the widespread use of endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer and the advanced endoscopic procedures available nowadays.According to the current European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society(ENETS)guidelines,well-differentiated r-NENs smaller than 10 mm should be endoscopically removed in view of their low risk of local and distant invasion.R-NENs larger than 20 mm are candidates for surgical resection because of their high risk of distant spreading and the involvement of the muscularis propria.There is an area of uncertainty regarding tumors between 10 and 20 mm,in which the metastatic risk is intermediate and the endoscopic treatment can be challenging.Once removed,the indications for surveillance are scarce and poorly codified by international guidelines,therefore in this paper,a possible algorithm is proposed.

关 键 词：Rectal neuroendocrine tumors ENDOSCOPY Endoscopic submucosal dissection Resectable advanced disease Systemic therapy 

分 类 号：R735.37[医药卫生—肿瘤]