帛书《衷》篇“子曰‘五行’”段申论  

On the Paragraph of “Confucius comments on the ’five elements’” in the Zhong Chapter of the Mawangdui Silk Manuscript of Zhou yi

作　　者：刘彬 刘永昆 LIU Bin;LIU Yong-kun

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学孔子文化研究院,山东曲阜273165 [2]山东大学易学与中国古代哲学研究中心,山东济南250100

出　　处：《周易研究》2021年第6期73-79,共7页Studies of Zhouyi

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门“绝学”和国别史等研究专项:“易图集成与研究暨数据库建设”(2018VJX003)。

摘　　要：《衷》篇载孔子论“五行”一段非常珍贵,披露后人久已不知的孔子“五行”说。这种“五行”说,一方面凸显等级人性论,另一方面具有“中和”的内涵。孔子认为,从气质方面看,人内具和外发“文”“武”“仁”“义”等五种品性,此为“五行”。“五行”于人因等级类别而不同:最上等的圣人不论是未发还是已发,“五行”皆中,不需要学习。中等人“五行”有所偏,未发时不得中,已发时或过之或不及,但可以通过学习改善。孔子“五行”之论落脚于“和”,要求中等人尽全力改善自己有偏的“五行”气质,虽然不能完全达到圣人“发而皆中节”的“和”的境界,但可以最大程度地接近它,故学习很重要。The paragraph of Confucius’commentary on the“five elements”in chapter Zhong(Impartiality)is valuable in that it reveals Confucius’s“five elements”theory which was unknown to later generations for a long time.On the one hand,this“five elements”theory highlights the theory of a hierarchy of human nature,on the other hand,it connotes the state of“centrality and harmony”.Confucius believed that from the perspective of temperament,people have five qualities,including“civil”,“martial”,“benevolent”and“righteous”and so on,which are called“five elements”.The“five elements”vary according to the level and category of the respective person.For the sages on the highest level,whether their temperament has manifested or not,the“five elements”are appropriate so that they do not need to learn.For persons on the middle level,the“five elements”are one-sided and biased.They are not in centrality before expression,and upon expression either exceed or fall short;but learning can improve this situation.Confucius’s theory of“five elements”is based on“harmony”,which requires people on the middle level to make every effort to improve their biased,one-sided temperament.Although they cannot totally reach the“harmonic”state of sages,in which temperament is always appropriate in expression,they can approach it to the greatest extent.In this sense,learning is very important.

关 键 词：帛书《衷》篇 孔子“五行”说 等级人性论 “中和”思想 

分 类 号：B221[哲学宗教—中国哲学]