清代乡村民事纠纷的化解机制与现实困境--基于清代州县司法实践的考察  

Resolving Mechanism and Realistic Dilemma of Rural Civil Disputes in Qing Dynasty--Based on the Investigation of the Judicial Practice of Prefectures and Counties in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张松梅 王洪兵[2] ZHANG Songmei;WANG Hongbing(Economics Department,Qingdao Party School of CPC,Qingdao 266071,China;Institute of Chinese Social History,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国共产党青岛市委员会党校经济学教研部,山东青岛266071 [2]中国海洋大学中国社会史研究所,山东青岛266100

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2022年第3期30-45,共16页Qilu Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“青苗会与近代华北乡村社会变迁研究”(14BZS049)。

摘　　要：追寻和谐稳定的乡村社会秩序是清代国家治理的重要目标,但是在乡村日常生活中矛盾、冲突不断,相应的民事纠纷层出不穷,从而对乡村社会治理提出了严峻考验。为了应对繁杂的乡村民事纠纷,无论民间社会还是国家政权都不断探索符合乡村秩序和国家治理需要的解决方案。受儒家“无讼”观念影响,礼治规范与调处息讼成为清代解决民事纠纷的首选策略,州县官也因此具有了民之父母的宗法身份。但是清代的司法实践表明,“健讼”是社会的常态,民事诉讼的化解机制呈现多元模式。清代州县官兼具父母官与刑名官的双重身份,在民事纠纷的化解实践中,无论是国家还是民间都重视发挥官方“法治”的解决途径,并将其作为根本依据。清王朝在调整、完善、强化州县司法审判体制的同时,充分调动乡村社会的各项资源,力争实现国家对地方社会秩序的有效控制。The pursuit of a harmonious and stable rural social order is an important goal of national governance in the Qing Dynasty.However,in the daily life of rural areas,contradictions and conflicts continue,and the corresponding civil disputes emerge in an endless stream,which puts a severe test on rural social governance.In order to deal with the complicated rural civil disputes,both civil society and state power are constantly exploring solutions that meet the needs of rural order and national governance.Influenced by the Confucian concept of“no litigation”,the rule of propriety and the mediation of interest litigation became the first choice strategy to solve civil disputes in the Qing Dynasty.Therefore,the county magistrate had the patriarchal status of the people’s parents.However,the judicial practice of Qing Dynasty shows that“healthy litigation”is the normal of the society,and the settlement of civil litigation is a multiple model.The county magistrate is not only the parent officer,but also the criminal officer because he shoulders the responsibility of“herdsman”.In the practice of resolving civil disputes,both the state and the people pay more attention to the solution of“rule of law”,and regard it as the fundamental basis.By adjusting and improving the mechanism of resolving civil disputes,the rulers of the Qing Dynasty fully mobilized the resources of the people and the state,so as to realize the effective governance of the state to the local society.

关 键 词：清代司法 审判体制 民事纠纷 州县官 乡村秩序 礼治与法治 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K249[历史地理—历史学]