洋务运动时期知识分子对西学的认知—评价心理——从“强制同化”到“新的阐释”  

The Scholar-officials’Cognition-evaluation of Western Learning during the Self-strengthening Movement--From“the Forced Assimilation”to“New Interpretation”

作　　者：李栋[1] LI Dong(School of Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《广西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第3期110-122,共13页Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“完善正确处理新形势下人民内部矛盾之大调解制度研究”(20AZD083)。

摘　　要：洋务运动时期,面对西学在中国的传播,朝野知识分子首先利用“强制同化”的认知心理,将来自于西方的一切知识,用中国传统固有的概念和框架进行归类。接着,他们再用演绎的方式,将其放置在儒学精义下“圣学投影”,进行评价。这一“认知—评价心理”在洋务运动时期具体表现为“西学中源”说和“中本西末”说。然而,随着对西学知识认知的加深,他们中的一部分人开始突破既有的“认知—评价心理”,提出了“中西各有本末”“中本亦可变”“中本中的大本”等别样的“中本西末”观,但最终仍未摆脱既有“中本西末”的整体框架。按照麦金泰尔的相关理论,上述现象出现的原因在于,中国朝野知识分子没能从根本上意识到西学之于中国在本质上属于“认识论危机”,而他们仍在采用传统处理知识危机的方法进行应对,因此意义有限。During the Self-strengthening Movement(1860s—1890s),in response to the spread of Western knowledge,scholar-officials of the royal court initially adopted the cognitive psychology of“forced assimilation”to classify the knowledge with the concepts and frames inherent in the Chinese tradition.Their next step,in a deductive way,is to place it under the essence of Confucianism for evaluation.Such“cognition-evaluation psychology”was initially embodied in the theory of“Xi Xue Zhong Yuan”(Chinese knowledge is the root of the Western learning)and that of“Zhong Ben Xi Mo”(Chinese knowledge takes priority).However,with the deepening of their cognition of Western learning,some began to break through that psychology and put forward some additional views that further expanded“Zhong Ben Xi Mo”,such as“Zhong Xi Ge You Ben Mo”(Chinese and Western learning each have their own root),“Zhong Ben Yi Ke Bian”(the root of Chinese learning can be altered)and“Zhong Ben Zhong De Da Ben”(the major part of the root of Chinese learning),which,however,does not run out of the overall framework.Such a phenomenon,according to Macintyre’s theories,is explained by those officials’failing to realize that the invasion of Western learning,for China,is essentially an“epistemological crisis”,a misinterpretation which renders them to adopt the traditional methods to deal with such crisis,hence the limited significance of such a shift in cognition.

关 键 词：强制同化 圣学投影 西学中源 中本西末 认识论危机 洋务运动 

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